Legal Rights No women can be arrested between 6:00 PM & 6:00 AM. (CrPC section 46). A police officer CANNOT refuse to lodge an FIR. If he/she refuses so, they could be jailed for up to 6 months to 1 year. (IPC section 166A). A police officer is ALWAYS on duty whether (or not) he/she is wearing a uniform. (Police Act, 1861) A police officer CANNOT say that he/she is NOT on duty while you visit him/her to file a complaint. (Police Act, 1861) Only women constable or women police official can arrest a woman. Male constables have NO right to arrest a woman. (CrPC, 1973) In case of a serious crime in which a woman is accused, a male police officer CAN arrest a woman ONLY after the receipt of written order from the Magistrate. (CrPC, 1973). A person can seek Anticipatory bail in case of expectation of being named or accused of having committed a Non-bailable offence. (CrPC, Section 438) To get anticipatory bail, a person must approach the Sessions Court (or) the High Court and disclose a proper reason citing section 438. If the court sees merit in the petition, it grants an anticipatory bail. A Hindu married couple CANNOT register a divorce petition with-in a year of marriage (Section 14 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955). However, if the high court feels that the petitioner is experiencing immense problems, then, the judge can permit the petitioner to file for divorce. Article 20 (2) of the constitution mandates that a person cannot be prosecuted or punished twice for the same offence. A police CANNOT conduct any search in a person’s house WITHOUT a search warrant (CrPC, Section 93). A Search Warrant should clearly and specifically mention the document (or) the thing which is being searched for, date, time and place of search along with any other relevant details. A police CANNOT simply take away your phone or personal computer for scrutiny WITHOUT a proper & specific search warrant allowing them to scrutinize personal belongings. NO magistrate other than a District Magistrate (or) a Chief Judicial Magistrate can issue a search warrant. Search and seizure of documents or things should be made in compliance with the provisions of Section 100 of CrPC. Police must search the house in the presence of the Owner of the home/office. The owner CANNOT be asked to leave while the search is taking place. If police take/seize any object from the property after their search, they must make a list of articles seized. The owner, at least 2 independent witnesses and the Police officer must verify the list and then sign. A copy of the list of articles that the police are taking must be given to the owner of the house/office. Illegal detention of a person is a serious offence. A police should formally arrest a person before taking him/her into custody. If the police summon someone for questioning, they must conduct the interview promptly and efficiently. The police cannot make someone wait endlessly at the police station and in such circumstances; the person is free to leave whenever they want. If you are aware that a police officer is illegally detaining a person, you can complain about the offending officer to his senior or to a magistrate. the arrested or detained individual's lawyer to go immediately to the High Court or the Supreme Court and file a ‘Habeas Corpus' petition seeking the person’s immediate release. A woman who has been taken into custody has to be kept in a separate lock up in the police station and any examination or body search must be conducted by a woman officer or doctor. According to the general law, children under the age of 7 years cannot be accused of a crime, hence cannot be taken into police custody. The procedure for questioning, apprehension, custody, release and bail of children up to the age of 18 is all governed by the Juvenile Justice Care and Protection of Children Act of 2002. JJCPCA, 2002 states that each police station must have a juvenile police unit with specially trained officers. A child must not be kept in lockup at all, but instead must be immediately handed back to the parents on bail and assurances. If the parents are not available, or it is felt that the child is at risk of falling into bad company then the child must be sent to the local observation home till he/she is brought before the juvenile court. It is illegal for the police to slap, beat, threaten, intimidate or torture any person who is being held in custody. Policemen can be removed from service and can also go to jail for doing this. The police are responsible for the wellbeing and safety of an arrested person. If anyone suspects torture of a person who is in police custody, they can report it to the National or State Human Rights Commission, to a magistrate or to the Legal Services Authority. The matter can also be taken directly to the High Court or Supreme Court. It is also against the law for the police to force an individual into making a confession. The police have the right to interrogate an individual but they cannot strong-arm one to say anything that he/she has no knowledge of or to confess to some crime that he/she has not committed. Under any circumstance and in any case, a confession that is made to a police officer is not admissible in court. A confession is only valid if it made to or before a magistrate. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself/herself. (Article 20(3) of Indian Constitution). Steps to be followed while taking an individual into the custody. An Arrest Memo must be made by the police either at the time of arrest or the instant the suspect is brought into the police station. A family member or friend of the arrested person must be informed, by the police, of the arrest and the location that the police are holding the person at. An Inspection Memo detailing the physical condition of the arrested person on his/her arrival into custody must be prepared by the police. Legal representation for the arrested individual must be provided. The police must present the arrested individual before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest. The police cannot take anyone into custody and hold them at a secret location. As soon as the police make an arrest they have to do prepare an Arrest Memo and send that to the local magistrate. 35. Once an FIR has been filed the police are legally bound to start investigating the case. Once the investigation has been concluded the police will record all their findings in a ‘Challan’ or charge sheet. If it is deemed that there is enough proof on the charge sheet the case goes to court. 36. For any reason If the police decide to close the case, they are bound to inform the person who filed the FIR of their decision. 37. When an FIR is registered and written down by the police it is done in triplicate. One copy remains with the police and is filed in their FIR register, the second copy goes to the magistrate and the third should be handed over to the person who filed the FIR. 38. One must insist on getting a copy of the FIR immediately as it is the proof of the FIR having been registered. The copy is to be provided free of cost by the police. 39. An FIR can only be filed for a cognizable crime. 40. In the event someone is trying to file an FIR for a crime that falls in the non-cognizable category it is the duty of the police to listen to them, enter the matter in their daily register or dairy, give the person a signed copy of the entry made (as proof of the matter being recorded) and direct them to the closest or appropriate magistrate. 41. The signed copy of the entry made by the police is free of cost and is a right to receive.

Child & Student Rights The Indian constitution accords rights to children as citizens of the country, and in keeping with their special status the State has even enacted special laws. The Constitution, promulgated in 1950, encompasses most rights included in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. Over the years, many individuals and public interest groups have approached the apex court for restitution of fundamental rights, including child rights. The Directive Principles of State Policy articulate social and economic rights that have been declared to be “fundamental in the governance of the country and … the duty of the state to apply … in making laws” (Article 37). The government has the flexibility to undertake appropriate legislative and administrative measures to ensure children’s rights; no court can make the government ensure them, as these are essentially directives. These directives have enabled the judiciary to give some landmark judgements promoting children’s rights, leading to Constitutional Amendments as is in the case of the 86th Amendment to the Constitution that made Right to Education a fundamental right.

About Indian Constitution and it's values. CONSTITUTION OF INDIA PREAMBLE We, the People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Our Constitution has... 449 ARTICLES 5 APPENDICES 25 PARTS 106 AMENDMENTS 12 SCHEDULES 1,45,000 + WORDS A MUST READ ( Basic knowledge every CITIZEN must possess) Fundamental Rights MORE Fundamental Rights Know more > Fundamental Duties Fundamental Duties Know more > Directive Principles MORE Directive Principles Know more > Union List Union List Know more > State List State List Know more > Concurrent List Concurrent List Know more > Panchayat List Panchayat List Know more > Municipality List Municipality List Know more > Download Constitution of India (in English) here Download Constitution of India (in other languages) here

Public Policy & Legislative Review Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 On 10th November 2023, the Union Government has released a draft legislative proposal to cater to the evolving needs of the Broadcasting sector replacing the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995. Original Draft Recommendations Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements in Coaching, 2024 A committee was constituted on 08th December 2023 to deliberate upon the issue of misleading advertisement in the coaching sector. Central Consumer Protection Authority conducted a stakeholder consultation on “Misleading Advertisement in Coaching Sector” on 08th January 2024 and draft guidelines were released for public comments. Original Draft Recommendations Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Greenwashing, 2024 On 2nd Nov 2023, the Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA) constituted a committee of stakeholders for consultation on "Greenwashing" comprising NLUs, law firms, government and voluntary consumer organizations. Original Draft Recommendations Warehousing Development & Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2023 [Draft] This draft amendment proposes to simplify the accreditation and registration process of Warehouses while also making stringent procedures in favour of enhanced efficiency, transparency and accountability on the functioning of Warehouses. It also creates special process to address the grievances of users. Original Draft Recommendations The Private Placement Agencies (Regulation) Bill – Draft The objective of “The Private Placement Agency (Regulation) Bill, 2025” is to provide for the regulation of Private Placement Agencies engaged in the business of placement activities in India and abroad, to ensure transparency and accountability in recruitment practices, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Original Draft Recommendations

Food Rights As a consumer you have certain rights with regards to the food and food products you purchase. You also have a redressal mechanism to help you. All you have to do is to be aware and exercise your rights. Click on the logo above to visit FSSAI official website. Click here for a list of Food Advisories

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CRFHGR indulges in Public Policy Research, Grassroots Perception Studies, Behavioural Analysis, Citizen Advocacy, Campaign Innovation, Content Development, Media Studies, Stakeholder Engagement, Peace & Conflict Studies, Governance Consulting, Techno-politics and Social Impact Assessment Services Ensuring public good is our priority. We offer affordable political consulting services to uphold ethical governance. Research Dive deep into public policy, legislation, and governance. Benefit from our expert research and advisory services. Consulting Navigate the complexities of politics with our guidance. We provide consulting services for sustainable reforms. Advisory Receive strategic advice on governance matters. Our team offers tailored solutions for impactful reforms. Services Political Consulting The cost of Politics and political consulting is increasing day-by-day. In order to ensure that public good is not compromised or sacrificed at the altar of money-centric politics. We, at CRFHGR, provide low-cost political consulting services. 02 Policy & Governance In addition to political consulting services, we also provide public policy, legislative and governance research, advisory and consulting services. 03 Consulting Services Our advisory services cover a wide range of areas including strategic planning, policy analysis, and governance reform. We offer consulting services to support organizations in achieving their goals. Our Portfolio Political The cost of Politics and political consulting is increasing day-by-day. In order to ensure that public good is not compromised or sacrificed at the altar of money-centric politics. We, at CRFHGR, provide low-cost political consulting services. Research Services In addition to political consulting services, we also provide public policy, legislative and governance research, advisory and consulting services. Global Reforms Our foundation is dedicated to promoting global reforms through evidence-based research and strategic consulting to address complex societal challenges. Humanitarian Aid CRFHGR is committed to supporting humanitarian causes worldwide by conducting research and providing consulting services to improve the lives of people in need.

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Concurrent List (or) List — III 1. Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power. 2. Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution. 3. Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention. 4. Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in entry 3 of this List. 5. Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succession; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law. 6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents. 7. Contracts, including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land. 8. Actionable wrongs. 9. Bankruptcy & Insolvency. 10. Trust & Trustees. 11. Administrators-general & official trustees. 11A. Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts. 12. Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings. 13. Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration. 14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court. 15. Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes. 16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients. 17. Prevention of cruelty to animals. 17A. Forests. 17B. Protection of wild animals and birds. 18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods. 19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of entry 59 of List I with respect to opium. 20. Economic and social planning. 20A. Population control and family planning. 21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts. 22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes. 23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment. 24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' liability, workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits. 25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour. 26. Legal, medical and other professions. 27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan. 28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions. 29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants. 30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths. 31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports. 32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways. 33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of — (a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products; (b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils; (c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; (d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and (e) raw jute. 33A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards. 34. Price control. 35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied. 36. Factories 37. Boilers. 38. Electricity. 39. Newspapers, books and printing presses. 40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property. 42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property. 43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State. 44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty. 45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III. 46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List. 47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

Working Papers involving ongoing research in key focus areas involving humanities and social sciences research. Working Papers Working Paper #1 Justice or Punishment-centred? Comparative Study of IPC/BNS, CrPC/BNSS and IE/BSA Authors: Akhil Chirravuri & Snehitha Pachipulusu A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Working Paper #3 Comeback & Build India: NRI Concerns, Needs, Engagement Strategy & Way Forward to Enable Brain Circulation Authors: Akhil Chirravuri A comparative study of international best practices from Israel, China, and Ireland demonstrates that successful diaspora engagement models prioritize mutual benefit, targeted incentives, and private-sector-led knowledge networks. These nations have effectively transformed "brain drain" into "brain circulation," where human capital moves fluidly to generate value for both the country of origin and the host country. Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa Working Paper #2 India's Upcoming Socio-Economic Caste Census – Challenges, Mitigation & Lessons from 2011 SECC & other International Ethnic Census Enumeration Experiences Authors: Akhil Chirravuri This report establishes the logical and constitutional necessity of a nationwide Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) as an indispensable tool for evidence-based policymaking and the fulfillment of India's social justice mandate. The absence of contemporary, empirical data on caste has created a policy vacuum, forcing the state to rely on outdated, nearly century-old statistics for the implementation of constitutionally mandated affirmative action programs. Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa