Simplifying key government, private member and other legislations that are in the interest of individuals, communities, society, nation(s) and the world. Browse through and read them to learn more to expand your understanding of the most pressing issues. Legislative Briefs Legislative Brief #1 The Agricultural and Other Rural Workers (Protection and Welfare) Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Shri. Ranjeetsinha Hindurao Naik Nimbalkar The Bill aims to safeguard and enhance the welfare of agricultural and rural workers across India. It addresses the long-standing exploitation and lack of legal protection for this vulnerable workforce by proposing statutory entitlements like minimum wages, pensions, accident compensation, maternity benefits, and access to education and healthcare. Agricultural and rural workers, despite forming the backbone of the Indian economy, remain unorganized and highly exploited due to the absence of structured legal protection and welfare provisions. Legislative Brief #3 The Backward Areas Development Board Bill, 2024 Introduced By: Shri K. Navaskani The Backward Areas Development Board Bill, 2024 seeks to establish a national-level board to identify and enable the rapid development of backward regions across India. Despite national economic growth, regional disparities persist. Many districts lack basic infrastructure, industries, or access to services, leading to migration, underdevelopment, and inequality. Legislative Brief #5 The Debt Relief Board Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Adv. Dean Kuriakose The Debt Relief Board Bill, 2022 proposes the establishment of a statutory body—the Debt Relief Board—to identify and recommend loans for waiver as a one-time national interest measure. The bill seeks to address the persistent debt burden on vulnerable groups and enhance formal financial inclusion. Large segments of the population remain trapped in debt cycles, especially in agriculture, MSMEs, and education sectors, with a significant reliance on non-institutional lenders. Legislative Brief #2 The Agricultural Produce Price Fixation Board Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Adv. A. M. Ariff The Bill proposes to create an autonomous statutory body responsible for fixing remunerative support prices for agricultural produce, including fruits and vegetables, across India. This bill also seeks to protect farmers from post-harvest price crashes and ensure fair compensation based on actual production costs. Farmers frequently receive prices below the cost of production due to market volatility, particularly during post-harvest periods. Existing MSP mechanisms fail to guarantee minimum income or cover actual farming costs, leading to indebtedness and distress. Legislative Brief #4 The Compulsory Career Guidance Bill, 2017 Introduced By: Shri R. Dhruvanarayana The Compulsory Career Guidance Bill, 2017 aims to institutionalize mandatory career counselling for students at the school level to ensure informed educational and vocational decisions. It mandates the involvement of qualified professionals, government support, and periodic evaluation to equip students—particularly those from marginalized communities—with the tools to chart meaningful career paths. A significant number of Indian students complete schooling without adequate guidance, leading to unsuitable career choices, high dropout rates, and youth unemployment. This issue is intensified among underprivileged communities. Legislative Brief #6 This is your Project description. A brief summary can help visitors understand the context of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. The Bill aims to safeguard and enhance the welfare of agricultural and rural workers across India. It addresses the long-standing exploitation and lack of legal protection for this vulnerable workforce by proposing statutory entitlements like minimum wages, pensions, accident compensation, maternity benefits, and access to education and healthcare. Agricultural and rural workers, despite forming the backbone of the Indian economy, remain unorganized and highly exploited due to the absence of structured legal protection and welfare provisions. Description

About Indian Constitution and it's values. CONSTITUTION OF INDIA PREAMBLE We, the People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Our Constitution has... 449 ARTICLES 5 APPENDICES 25 PARTS 106 AMENDMENTS 12 SCHEDULES 1,45,000 + WORDS A MUST READ ( Basic knowledge every CITIZEN must possess) Fundamental Rights MORE Fundamental Rights Know more > Fundamental Duties Fundamental Duties Know more > Directive Principles MORE Directive Principles Know more > Union List Union List Know more > State List State List Know more > Concurrent List Concurrent List Know more > Panchayat List Panchayat List Know more > Municipality List Municipality List Know more > Download Constitution of India (in English) here Download Constitution of India (in other languages) here

Legal Rights No women can be arrested between 6:00 PM & 6:00 AM. (CrPC section 46). A police officer CANNOT refuse to lodge an FIR. If he/she refuses so, they could be jailed for up to 6 months to 1 year. (IPC section 166A). A police officer is ALWAYS on duty whether (or not) he/she is wearing a uniform. (Police Act, 1861) A police officer CANNOT say that he/she is NOT on duty while you visit him/her to file a complaint. (Police Act, 1861) Only women constable or women police official can arrest a woman. Male constables have NO right to arrest a woman. (CrPC, 1973) In case of a serious crime in which a woman is accused, a male police officer CAN arrest a woman ONLY after the receipt of written order from the Magistrate. (CrPC, 1973). A person can seek Anticipatory bail in case of expectation of being named or accused of having committed a Non-bailable offence. (CrPC, Section 438) To get anticipatory bail, a person must approach the Sessions Court (or) the High Court and disclose a proper reason citing section 438. If the court sees merit in the petition, it grants an anticipatory bail. A Hindu married couple CANNOT register a divorce petition with-in a year of marriage (Section 14 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955). However, if the high court feels that the petitioner is experiencing immense problems, then, the judge can permit the petitioner to file for divorce. Article 20 (2) of the constitution mandates that a person cannot be prosecuted or punished twice for the same offence. A police CANNOT conduct any search in a person’s house WITHOUT a search warrant (CrPC, Section 93). A Search Warrant should clearly and specifically mention the document (or) the thing which is being searched for, date, time and place of search along with any other relevant details. A police CANNOT simply take away your phone or personal computer for scrutiny WITHOUT a proper & specific search warrant allowing them to scrutinize personal belongings. NO magistrate other than a District Magistrate (or) a Chief Judicial Magistrate can issue a search warrant. Search and seizure of documents or things should be made in compliance with the provisions of Section 100 of CrPC. Police must search the house in the presence of the Owner of the home/office. The owner CANNOT be asked to leave while the search is taking place. If police take/seize any object from the property after their search, they must make a list of articles seized. The owner, at least 2 independent witnesses and the Police officer must verify the list and then sign. A copy of the list of articles that the police are taking must be given to the owner of the house/office. Illegal detention of a person is a serious offence. A police should formally arrest a person before taking him/her into custody. If the police summon someone for questioning, they must conduct the interview promptly and efficiently. The police cannot make someone wait endlessly at the police station and in such circumstances; the person is free to leave whenever they want. If you are aware that a police officer is illegally detaining a person, you can complain about the offending officer to his senior or to a magistrate. the arrested or detained individual's lawyer to go immediately to the High Court or the Supreme Court and file a ‘Habeas Corpus' petition seeking the person’s immediate release. A woman who has been taken into custody has to be kept in a separate lock up in the police station and any examination or body search must be conducted by a woman officer or doctor. According to the general law, children under the age of 7 years cannot be accused of a crime, hence cannot be taken into police custody. The procedure for questioning, apprehension, custody, release and bail of children up to the age of 18 is all governed by the Juvenile Justice Care and Protection of Children Act of 2002. JJCPCA, 2002 states that each police station must have a juvenile police unit with specially trained officers. A child must not be kept in lockup at all, but instead must be immediately handed back to the parents on bail and assurances. If the parents are not available, or it is felt that the child is at risk of falling into bad company then the child must be sent to the local observation home till he/she is brought before the juvenile court. It is illegal for the police to slap, beat, threaten, intimidate or torture any person who is being held in custody. Policemen can be removed from service and can also go to jail for doing this. The police are responsible for the wellbeing and safety of an arrested person. If anyone suspects torture of a person who is in police custody, they can report it to the National or State Human Rights Commission, to a magistrate or to the Legal Services Authority. The matter can also be taken directly to the High Court or Supreme Court. It is also against the law for the police to force an individual into making a confession. The police have the right to interrogate an individual but they cannot strong-arm one to say anything that he/she has no knowledge of or to confess to some crime that he/she has not committed. Under any circumstance and in any case, a confession that is made to a police officer is not admissible in court. A confession is only valid if it made to or before a magistrate. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself/herself. (Article 20(3) of Indian Constitution). Steps to be followed while taking an individual into the custody. An Arrest Memo must be made by the police either at the time of arrest or the instant the suspect is brought into the police station. A family member or friend of the arrested person must be informed, by the police, of the arrest and the location that the police are holding the person at. An Inspection Memo detailing the physical condition of the arrested person on his/her arrival into custody must be prepared by the police. Legal representation for the arrested individual must be provided. The police must present the arrested individual before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest. The police cannot take anyone into custody and hold them at a secret location. As soon as the police make an arrest they have to do prepare an Arrest Memo and send that to the local magistrate. 35. Once an FIR has been filed the police are legally bound to start investigating the case. Once the investigation has been concluded the police will record all their findings in a ‘Challan’ or charge sheet. If it is deemed that there is enough proof on the charge sheet the case goes to court. 36. For any reason If the police decide to close the case, they are bound to inform the person who filed the FIR of their decision. 37. When an FIR is registered and written down by the police it is done in triplicate. One copy remains with the police and is filed in their FIR register, the second copy goes to the magistrate and the third should be handed over to the person who filed the FIR. 38. One must insist on getting a copy of the FIR immediately as it is the proof of the FIR having been registered. The copy is to be provided free of cost by the police. 39. An FIR can only be filed for a cognizable crime. 40. In the event someone is trying to file an FIR for a crime that falls in the non-cognizable category it is the duty of the police to listen to them, enter the matter in their daily register or dairy, give the person a signed copy of the entry made (as proof of the matter being recorded) and direct them to the closest or appropriate magistrate. 41. The signed copy of the entry made by the police is free of cost and is a right to receive.

Fundamental Duties "Duties came before Rights. The exercise of Rights implies the exercise of Duties" [Article 51A] It shall be the duty of every citizen of India — (1) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (2) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (3) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (4) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (5) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (6) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (7) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures; (8) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (9) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement; (11) Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

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Fundamental Rights [Right to Equality] (Article — 14: Equality before Law) The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. (Article — 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth) (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2)No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to — (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children. (4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. (5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30. (Article — 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment) (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory prior to such employment or appointment. (4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year. (5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination. (Article — 17: Abolition of Untouchability) "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (Article — 18: Abolition of titles) (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. (3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State. (4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State. [Right to Freedom] (Article — 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc) (1) All citizens shall have the right— (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions 1[or co-operative societies]; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. (2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. (3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (4) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (5) Nothing in sub-clauses (d) and (e) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe. (6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,— (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or (ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise. (Article — 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences) (1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. (2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. (Article — 21 Protection of life and personal liberty) No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. (Article — 21A: Right to education) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. (Article — 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases) (1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice. (2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate. (3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply— (a) to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or (b) to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention. (4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless— (a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention: Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or (b) such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7). (5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order. (6) Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest to disclose. (7) Parliament may by law prescribe (a) the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases in which, a person may be detained for a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause (4); (b) the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive detention; and (c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause (4). [Right against Exploitation] (Article — 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour) (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them. (Article — 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.) No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. (Article — 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion) (1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion. (2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law— (a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice; (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. (Article — 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs) Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right— (a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; (c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and (d) to administer such property in accordance with law. (Article — 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion) No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. (Article — 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions) (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution. (3) No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto. [Cultural and Educational Rights] (Article — 29: Protection of interests of minorities) (1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same. (2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. (Article — 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions) (1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. (1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause. (2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language. (Article — 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc) (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for— (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or (b) the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or (c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or (d) the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders thereof, or (e) the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the premature termination or cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence, shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19: Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent: Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the acquisition by the State of any estate and where any land comprised therein is held by a person under his personal cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the State to acquire any portion of such land as is within the ceiling limit applicable to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or structure standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the acquisition of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of compensation at a rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof. (2) In this article, (a) the expression ―estate‖ shall, in relation to any local area, have the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also include— (i) any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, any janmam right; (ii) any land held under ryotwari settlement; (iii) any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by cultivators of land, agricultural labourers and village artisans; (b) the expression ―rights, in relation to an estate, shall include any rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-holder, raiyat, under-raiyat or other intermediary and any rights or privileges in respect of land revenue. (Article — 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force. (Article — 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing [all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19; [and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy]: Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent. [Right to Constitutional Remedies] (Article — 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part) (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part. (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2). (4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution. (Article — 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc) Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,— (a) the members of the Armed Forces; or (b) the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or (c) persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or (d) person employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them. (Article — 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area. (Article — 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,— (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws— (i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and (ii) for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this Part, and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution, make laws for prescribing punishment for the acts referred to in sub-clause (ii); (b) any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament.

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Our Alumni Full Name Name of the College/University Name of the Degree Title Year Adithya M National Law School of India University (NLSIU), Bengaluru M. A. in Public Policy Public Policy Research Intern 2023 – 2024 Hirak Roy Chowdhury Ashutosh College, Kolkata B. A. (Hons.) in Political Science Public Policy Research Intern 2024 Shailja Lavania IGNOU, New Delhi M. A. in Political Science Public Policy Research Intern 2024 Snehitha Pachipulusu Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras Integrated M.A. in Development Studies Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2024 Kaushiki Sharma Kalindi College, University of Delhi B. A. (Hons.) in Political Science Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2024 Sarah Gairola Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics M. Sc. in Economics Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2025 Khushi Khan Mount Caramel College, Bengaluru M.P.P. (Master's in Public Policy) Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2025 Ishani Sharma National Forensic Science University, Gandhinagar M. Sc. in Neuropsychology Research Intern (Full-time) 2025

CRFHGR believes in transparency and is eternally grateful to all the contributors, partners, donors and stakeholders who are shaping our collective future. Therefore, we are publicly sharing our financial documents since inception as filed with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. These financial documents can be accessed from this page as and when added & updated. Financial & Audit Reports CRFHGR believes in transparency and is eternally grateful to all the contributors, partners, donors and stakeholders who are shaping our collective future. Therefore, we are obligated to publicly share our financial documents and audit reports since inception as filed with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India and other government authorities. These reports and all their constituent documents can be accessed from this page as and when added & updated. Financial Year (2023 – 24) Financial Year (2023 – 24) Financial Year (2023 – 24) Financial Year (2023 – 24) CRFHGR Audit Report_FY 2023-24.pdf Financial Year (2024 – 25) Financial Year (2024 – 25) Financial Year (2024 – 25) Financial Year (2024 – 25) CRFHGR Audit Report_FY 2024-25.pdf CRFHGR Annual Report FY 2023-24.pdf CRFHGR Annual Report FY 2024-25.pdf

State List (or) List — II 1. Public order (but not including the use of any naval, military or air force or any other armed force of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any contingent or unit thereof in aid of the civil power). 2. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of entry 2A of List I. 3. Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees taken in all courts except the Supreme Court. 4. Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature, and persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other institutions. 5. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal corporations, improvement trusts, districts boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration. 6. Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries. 7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India. 8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, possession, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors. 9. Relief of the disabled and unemployable. 10. Burials and burial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds. 11. Education including universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976] 12. Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 13. Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries, and other means of communication not specified in List I; municipal tramways; ropeways; inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List I and List III with regard to such waterways; vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles. 14. Agriculture, including agricultural education and research, protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases. 15. Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases; veterinary training and practice. 16. Pounds and the prevention of cattle trespass. 17. Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of entry 56 of List I. 18. Land, that is to say, rights in or over land, land tenures including the relation of landlord and tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of agricultural land; land improvement and agricultural loans; colonization. 19. Forests. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976] 20. Protection of Wild animals & birds. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976] 21. Fisheries. 22. Courts of wards subject to the provisions of entry 34 of List I; encumbered and attached estates. 23. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union. 24. Industries subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I. 25. Gas and gas-works. 26. Trade and commerce within the State subject to the provisions of entry 33 of List III. 27. Production, supply and distribution of goods subject to the provisions of entry 33 of List III. 28. Markets and fairs. 29. Weights and measures except establishment of standards. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976]. 30. Money-lending and money-lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness. 31. Inns and inn-keepers. 32. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, other than those specified in List I, and universities; unincorporated trading, literary, scientific, religious and other societies and associations; co-operative societies. 33. Theatres and dramatic performances; cinemas subject to the provisions of entry 60 of List I; sports, entertainments and amusements. 34. Betting and gambling. 35. Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State. 36. Acquisition or requisitioning of property, except for the purposes of the Union, subject to the provisions of entry 42 of List III. [Removed via the Constitution 7th Amendment Act, 1956]. 37. Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament. 38. Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislature of the State, of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof. 39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members and the committees thereof, and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State. 40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State. 41. State public services; State Public Service Commission. 42. State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated Fund of the State. 43. Public debt of the State. 44. Treasure trove. 45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues. 46. Taxes on agricultural income. 47. Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land. 48. Estate duty in respect of agricultural land. 49. Taxes on lands and buildings. 50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law relating to mineral development. 51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced elsewhere in India — (a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption; (b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics, but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry. 52. Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein. [Removed via the Constitution 101st Amendment Act, 2016]. 53. Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity. 54. Taxes on the sale of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel and alcoholic liquor for human consumption, but not including sale in the course of inter-State trade or commerce or sale in the course of international trade or commerce of such goods. 55. Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers [and advertisements broadcast by radio or television]. (Removed via 101st Amendment Act, 2016) 56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways. 57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads, including tramcars subject to the provisions of entry 35 of List III. 58. Taxes on animals and boats. 59. Tolls. 60. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. 61. Capitation taxes. 62. Taxes on entertainments and amusements to the extent levied and collected by a Panchayat or a Municipality or a Regional Council or a District Council. 63. Rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in the provisions of List I with regard to rates of stamp duty. 64. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List. 65. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List. 66. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

Municipality List 1. Urban planning including town planning. 2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings. 3. Planning for economic and social development. 4. Roads and bridges. 5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes. 6. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management. 7. Fire services. 8. Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects. 9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded. 10. Slum improvement and upgradation. 11. Urban poverty alleviation. 12. Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds. 13. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. 14. Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds; and electric crematoriums. 15. Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals. 16. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths. 17. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences. 18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.

Patient Rights [Right to Information] (1) Physicians or their qualified assistants are required to provide adequate information about your illness, its diagnosis (provisional or confirmed, as it may be), proposed investigation and possible complications to the patient. If the patient is not in a state to understand this, the physician or their assistant is required to provide the information to the caretaker. (2) This has to be done in a simple language that the patient or caretaker will understand. (3) Apart from this, patients have the right to know the identity and professional status of every doctor and assistant as well as the primary doctor who is treating them. (4) Information regarding costs of treatment needs to be given in writing. [Right to Records and Reports] (1) Patients or their respective caretakers have the right to access the originals or copies of case papers, indoor patient records and investigation reports. Investigation reports have to be made available to them within 24 hours of admission or 72 hours of discharge. (2) The hospital is responsible for providing a discharge summary or a death summary, in the case of a death, to the caretakers or kin of the patient with original copies of investigations. [Right to Emergency Medical Care] In an emergency situation, you can avail medical care in any government or private hospital. Under Article 21 of the Constitution, which ensures that every person has the right to life and personal liberty, you have the right to prompt emergency care by doctors without compromise on quality or safety and without having to pay full or an advanced fee to the hospital. [Right to Informed Consent] If a hospital decides upon carrying an invasive investigation or surgery or chemotherapy on a patient, they require to do so after completing an appropriate policy procedure. The doctor primarily in charge of a patient has to explain the risks, consequences and procedure of the investigation or surgery in detail and a simple language before providing the protocol consent form to the patient or to the responsible caretaker. [Right to Confidentiality, Human Dignity and Privacy] (1) Now this one is a fairly known right, especially if you follow TV shows about hospitals or doctors. The code of ethics dictates doctors to hold information about the illness and treatment plan for the patient in strict confidentiality from everyone except the patient and their caretakers. (2) Unless it is an exceptional case where sharing this information is “in the interest of protecting other or due to public health considerations.” (3) In the case of a female patient, she has the right to demand the presence of another woman if the medical practitioner checking or treating her is male. Having said this, the hospital is responsible for upholding the dignity of every patient, irrespective of their gender. [Right to Non-discrimination] (1) The above point brings us to the rights of a patient being upheld without discrimination based on their illness, condition, HIV status or on their gender, age, religion, caste, ethnicity, sexual orientation, linguistic or geographical or social origins. (2) Based on the above characteristics, no person can be subjected to discriminatory treatment, and the staff of the hospital is responsible for ensuring this. [Right to Standards in Safety & Quality Care] Here is a brief list of provisions that come under the list of quality care standards- Safety and security. Cleanliness, infection control measures and sanitation facilities and safe drinking water. Healthcare that abides by the latest standards, norms and guidelines under the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals (NABH ) . To be attended to, treated and cared for in a professional manner and with the principles of medical ethics. Right to seek redressal by patient or caretakers. [Right to Choose Alternative Treatment Options] Hospital staff and doctors are responsible for clarifying all treatment options to the patient/caretakers. After a thorough study of their choices, the patient/caretakers can choose to opt for a treatment that may or may not be the doctor’s primary recommendation. This also means that once the patient/caretakers choose this alternative treatment, they will shoulder the responsibility of its consequences. [Right to a Second Opinion] (1) Doctors and the hospital must respect your decision if you choose to seek a second opinion from a doctor/hospital of your choice. They are responsible for handing over all record documents and other relevant information should you choose to approach a different doctor. The hospital can neither stop you nor discourage you from going elsewhere, only give a detailed explanation of the health condition and repercussions in case of delay in treatment. (2) In case you choose to come back to the first hospital after getting your second opinion, the hospital still cannot compromise on the quality of healthcare services. [Right to Transparency in Rates and Care] (1) As mentioned above, the patient has the right to have a written account of the costs they will have to bear for the treatment they are receiving. As evidence for this, hospitals are required to have printed brochures and prominent display boards bearing the names and rates of medical procedures that are available with them. Detailed schedules of key rates need to be displayed in conspicuous places and need to be in both, English as well as the local language. (2) Patients have the right to get medicines, devices and implants at rates decided by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA ) and other relevant authorities. Patients have the right to receive health care services that cost within the range prescribed by the Central and State governments, at the time of receiving it. [Right to Choose the Source for Obtaining Medicines or Tests] As a patient or a caretaker, you have the right to choose which registered pharmacy you wish to buy your medical supplies from. This also includes getting an investigation procedure (like a blood test, for example) from any diagnostic centre or laboratory registered under the National Accreditation Board for Laboratories (NABL ) . [Right to proper referral and transfer, which is free from perverse commercial influences] (1) If a patient must be transferred from one healthcare centre to another, a proper and detailed justification must be given to them/caretakers along with various options of the new healthcare centre. They must also be given a list of treatments/medicines that need to be continued after the transfer. This step cannot be taken unless the patient or their caretaker accept it. (2) Needless to say, these decisions cannot be influenced by reasons like “kickbacks, commissions, incentives, or other perverse business practices.” [Right to Patient Protection involved in clinical trials] According to the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW), “All clinical trials must be conducted in compliance with the protocols and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines issued by Services, Govt. of India as well as all applicable statutory provisions of Amended Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules, 1945 Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation, Directorate General of Health.” These points include consent by the patient, written prescription of drugs or intervention, privacy etc. You can read in detail about the guidelines here . [Right to Protection of Participants involved in Biomedical and Health Research] (1) In case a patient is involved in a biomedical or health research procedure, their consent needs to be taken in a written format. Their right to dignity, privacy and confidentiality needs to be upheld even during the research. If the participant suffers direct physical, psychological, social, legal or economic harm, they are eligible for financial or other assistance by the hospital. (2) Whatever benefits the hospital gets from the research must be made available to relevant individuals, communities and the general population. [Right to be Discharged, Right to Receive the Body of a Deceased Person] “A patient has the right to be discharged and cannot be detained in a hospital, on procedural grounds such as [a] dispute in payment of hospital charges. Similarly, caretakers have the right to the dead body of a patient who had been treated in a hospital, and the dead body cannot be detailed on procedural grounds, including non-payment/dispute regarding payment of hospital charges against wishes of the caretakers,” says the MoHFW. [Right to Patient Education] Here is a list of things that a patient needs to be informed about by the hospital. These need to be addressed in the language that the patient/caretaker understands. Major facts about their condition Healthy living practices Their rights and responsibilities Health insurance schemes relevant to them Relevant entitlements (for charitable hospitals) How to seek redressal of grievances [Right to be heard and seek redressal] Last but not the least, every patient has the right to address his grievances and give feedback about the healthcare and treatment they received at the hospital or from a particular doctor/assistant. The MoHFW further adds, “Patients and caregivers have the right to seek redressal in case they are aggrieved, on account of infringement of any of the above-mentioned rights in this charter. This may be done by lodging a complaint with an official designated for this purpose by the hospital/healthcare provider and further with an official mechanism constituted by the government such as Patients’ rights Tribunal Forum or Clinical establishments regulatory authority as the case may be.