About us Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human and Global Reforms i.e., CRFHGR is a Section 8, Not-for-Profit Research Company that undertakes novel research in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences to promote progress, prosperity and peace in human societies at local, regional, sub-national, national and global levels. The agenda of CRFHGR is to make this world better by stepping into the uncharted paradigms of humanities and social sciences research. It was established in August 2023 after the approval and registration by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Gove rnment of India with the CIN: U72200TS2023NPL176476 and Section 8 Non-Profit License No. 147287 in Hyderabad, Telangana. Our Mission Building better systems through research and evidence-based practice. Understand the core challenges related to Human Development and Governance. Craft solutions to promote holistic well-being of individuals and communities. Zero Avoidable Human Suffering Happier Human Lives True & Perpetual World Peace Our Vision The Leadership Akhil Chirravuri (Founder & Director) Akhil is a public policy researcher, a political consultant and, a doctoral research fellow in public policy with over 7+ years of professional experience in public policy & legislative research, stakeholder management, campaign strategy & execution, narrative building, impact consulting, and capacity building. His primary research interests are Techno-politics; Digital Societies & Governance, and Citizen Activism. He completed his B. Tech. in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology / Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (Hyderabad) , and M.A. in Political Science from Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU New Delhi) , and is currently pursuing his Doctoral Research (Ph. D.) in Public Policy from Jindal School of Government & Public Policy @ O. P. Jindal Global University . In addition to his doctoral research endeavours, he is also currently pursuing his Executive MBA from Indian Institute of Management – Kozhikode (IIM – K) . In 2022, he qualified the UGC – NET (National Eligibility Test) for Lectureship (Assistant Professor) in Political Science . In 2024, he was selected for Punjab Good Governance Fellowship by the Government of Punjab in partnership with Indian School of Business (ISB) . He believes in simplifying the matters of policy, administration and politics to all the stakeholders including the citizens for informed decision-making across all levels of democratic processes, there-by contributing to a better action and reform agenda. On the global governance front, he believes in the need for a New Global Order based on 'Rules-based Engagement' and 'Reformed Multilateralism' centred-around human dignity, rights, sustainable development and peace. 3 Draft Legislations 7 Parliamentary Constituencies 4 Political Parties 10 Political Campaigns 6 Politicians 15 Policy Review Papers Our Team , We are a compact team of professionals with rich professional experience across diverse backgrounds. Just as all the good things require time, our good team is in the process of expansion, gradually! A. Swathi Vaishnavi (Director) Swathi is a Chartered Accountant (C.A.) and an Auditor with 4 years of experience in Accountancy, Audit and Risk Consulting. A. V. S. Manikanta Sastry (Finance & Accounts Supervisor) Sastry is a Financial Accountant with about 6 years of experience in financial management, corporate auditing and accounting. Sai Santosh Yakkali (Head – Innovation & Strategy) Santosh is a Management Consultant and an Entrepreneur with over 6 years of professional experience in management consulting, strategy execution & business innovation. Goutham Pratapa (Head – Web Development & Digital Technology) Goutham is a Software Engineer with over 9 years of experience in Linux, DevOps, MLOps, Machine & Deep Learning and Data Science. P. Sri Lakshmi (Executive Trustee) Parimi Sri Lakshmi oversees various activities related to the smooth functioning of the organization. D. Hitesh Kumar (Head – Global Technology Policy Division) Hitesh is a Cloud Engineer and has a penchant for human and industrial development policies. He possesses over 8 years of professional experience in IT Consulting, Cloud Technology and Data Science. Dr. M. Azharuddin (Advisor – Urban Studies) Dr. M. Azharuddin is a Post-doctoral Researcher in Water Resources Managment at University of Minnesota. He possesses over 7 years of solid research experience in water resources management and urban development. Pranith Ganguly (Research Assistant) Praneeth is a recent graduate in M.A. Political Science from Hyderabad Central University. His intellectual bent to innovative, out-of-the-box critical thinking is thrilling even for the most of us experienced professionals. Our Alumni

www.crfhgr.org is the official website of Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human & Global Reforms, a Not-for-Profit Research Company working for Human and Global well-being. 1/4 REFORMING HUMANITY & WORLD ONE STEP AT A TIME No posts published in this language yet Once posts are published, you’ll see them here.

Contribute to our research, advocacy and social welfare efforts through your support. We are a 12A & 80G Registered Company Your Donations are exempted under Section 80G of Income Tax Act, 1961 IMPORTANT INFORMATION Only Indian Domestic donations (in INR ₹) from Indian citizens (including NRIs) and Indian Entities having a valid PAN (Permanent Account Number) are accepted. Foreign Donations from Foreign Entities and Foreign Citizens are NOT accepted. Refunds are allowed with-in 7 days from the date of donation. Click here to read our complete refund policy. If donating online, please E-mail us the screenshot of your payment with Transaction ID or other details confirming the success of transaction along-with your PAN details on communications@crfhgr.org An Acknowledgement No. & Provisional Donation Receipt are shared with the donors after the confirmation of the donation from our end. Provisional Donation Receipt is NOT the same as IT Exemption Donation Certificate/Receipt. IT Exemption Donation Certificate/Receipt shall be sent via email (on the email id provided by the donor) 7-days from the date of donation. For more clarifications, write to us on communications@crfhgr.org BANK ACCOUNT DETAILS Beneficiary Account Name: Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human and Global Reforms Bank Name: Axis Bank Bank A/C No. 923010060396830 IFS Code: UTIB0001381 Branch: Nallakunta (Hyderabad City) Make a Donation! Contribute to our research, advocacy and social welfare efforts. Frequency One time One time Monthly Monthly Yearly Yearly Amount ₹500 ₹500 ₹1,000 ₹1,000 ₹2,000 ₹2,000 ₹5,000 ₹5,000 ₹10,000 ₹10,000 Other Other 0/100 Comment (optional) Donate ₹500 How your Donations Are Used? How your Donations Are Used? How your Donations Are Used? How your Donations Are Used? Research Development Social Welfare Primary & Secondary Research To undertake primary and secondary research in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences disciplines and to generate new knowledge through scientific inquiry and practice for the purpose of individual, organizational and social betterment, and, also contribute to the noble goals of peace, prosperity and progress among humans and communities. We primarily indulge 39 areas across Humanities, Management and Social Sciences disciplines. Some of these areas are public policy & legislative research, governance advisory, social innovation & entrepreneurship, capacity building, organizational research, corporate governance, psychology & behavioural studies, legal research and gender studies among others. Social Welfare Quality education at primary, secondary and higher secondary levels, skill & vocational development, civic & voter education, digital literacy, gender equality, women empowerment, eradication of gender violence, and rural development and welfare activities rooted in research and evidence-based practice. Development Based on our research, we attempt to craft solutions and apply them to solve any given problem in the corresponding area(s) across the Humanities, Management and Social Sciences disciplines to leverage meaningful and positive impact on individuals, communities, organizations and societies. We also advise stakeholders on a course of action and be a part of the execution to achieve desired results.

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CRFHGR indulges in Public Policy Research, Grassroots Perception Studies, Behavioural Analysis, Citizen Advocacy, Campaign Innovation, Content Development, Media Studies, Stakeholder Engagement, Peace & Conflict Studies, Governance Consulting, Techno-politics and Social Impact Assessment Services Ensuring public good is our priority. We offer affordable political consulting services to uphold ethical governance. Research Dive deep into public policy, legislation, and governance. Benefit from our expert research and advisory services. Consulting Navigate the complexities of politics with our guidance. We provide consulting services for sustainable reforms. Advisory Receive strategic advice on governance matters. Our team offers tailored solutions for impactful reforms. Services Political Consulting The cost of Politics and political consulting is increasing day-by-day. In order to ensure that public good is not compromised or sacrificed at the altar of money-centric politics. We, at CRFHGR, provide low-cost political consulting services. 02 Policy & Governance In addition to political consulting services, we also provide public policy, legislative and governance research, advisory and consulting services. 03 Consulting Services Our advisory services cover a wide range of areas including strategic planning, policy analysis, and governance reform. We offer consulting services to support organizations in achieving their goals. Our Portfolio Political The cost of Politics and political consulting is increasing day-by-day. In order to ensure that public good is not compromised or sacrificed at the altar of money-centric politics. We, at CRFHGR, provide low-cost political consulting services. Research Services In addition to political consulting services, we also provide public policy, legislative and governance research, advisory and consulting services. Global Reforms Our foundation is dedicated to promoting global reforms through evidence-based research and strategic consulting to address complex societal challenges. Humanitarian Aid CRFHGR is committed to supporting humanitarian causes worldwide by conducting research and providing consulting services to improve the lives of people in need.

Simplifying key government, private member and other legislations that are in the interest of individuals, communities, society, nation(s) and the world. Browse through and read them to learn more to expand your understanding of the most pressing issues. Legislative Briefs Legislative Brief #1 The Agricultural and Other Rural Workers (Protection and Welfare) Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Shri. Ranjeetsinha Hindurao Naik Nimbalkar The Bill aims to safeguard and enhance the welfare of agricultural and rural workers across India. It addresses the long-standing exploitation and lack of legal protection for this vulnerable workforce by proposing statutory entitlements like minimum wages, pensions, accident compensation, maternity benefits, and access to education and healthcare. Agricultural and rural workers, despite forming the backbone of the Indian economy, remain unorganized and highly exploited due to the absence of structured legal protection and welfare provisions. Legislative Brief #3 The Backward Areas Development Board Bill, 2024 Introduced By: Shri K. Navaskani The Backward Areas Development Board Bill, 2024 seeks to establish a national-level board to identify and enable the rapid development of backward regions across India. Despite national economic growth, regional disparities persist. Many districts lack basic infrastructure, industries, or access to services, leading to migration, underdevelopment, and inequality. Legislative Brief #5 The Debt Relief Board Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Adv. Dean Kuriakose The Debt Relief Board Bill, 2022 proposes the establishment of a statutory body—the Debt Relief Board—to identify and recommend loans for waiver as a one-time national interest measure. The bill seeks to address the persistent debt burden on vulnerable groups and enhance formal financial inclusion. Large segments of the population remain trapped in debt cycles, especially in agriculture, MSMEs, and education sectors, with a significant reliance on non-institutional lenders. Legislative Brief #2 The Agricultural Produce Price Fixation Board Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Adv. A. M. Ariff The Bill proposes to create an autonomous statutory body responsible for fixing remunerative support prices for agricultural produce, including fruits and vegetables, across India. This bill also seeks to protect farmers from post-harvest price crashes and ensure fair compensation based on actual production costs. Farmers frequently receive prices below the cost of production due to market volatility, particularly during post-harvest periods. Existing MSP mechanisms fail to guarantee minimum income or cover actual farming costs, leading to indebtedness and distress. Legislative Brief #4 The Compulsory Career Guidance Bill, 2017 Introduced By: Shri R. Dhruvanarayana The Compulsory Career Guidance Bill, 2017 aims to institutionalize mandatory career counselling for students at the school level to ensure informed educational and vocational decisions. It mandates the involvement of qualified professionals, government support, and periodic evaluation to equip students—particularly those from marginalized communities—with the tools to chart meaningful career paths. A significant number of Indian students complete schooling without adequate guidance, leading to unsuitable career choices, high dropout rates, and youth unemployment. This issue is intensified among underprivileged communities. Legislative Brief #6 This is your Project description. A brief summary can help visitors understand the context of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. The Bill aims to safeguard and enhance the welfare of agricultural and rural workers across India. It addresses the long-standing exploitation and lack of legal protection for this vulnerable workforce by proposing statutory entitlements like minimum wages, pensions, accident compensation, maternity benefits, and access to education and healthcare. Agricultural and rural workers, despite forming the backbone of the Indian economy, remain unorganized and highly exploited due to the absence of structured legal protection and welfare provisions. Description

Commentaries by Key Experts across different fields on various issues and topics of human interest. Our Work This is your Project Page. It's a great opportunity to help visitors understand the context and background of your latest work. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share. 01 Project Name This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. 02 Project Name This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. 03 Project Name This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. 04 Project Name This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start.

Simplifying key problems at individual, community, social and societal level through our issue-briefs. Browse through and read them to learn more to expand your understanding of the most pressing issues. Issue Briefs Social Brief #1 Understanding Millennial’s and Gen Z’s outlook towards life is key to socio-economic reform Insights from the Deloitte's 2022 and 2023 survey on aspirations, expectations and pressing concerns among the millennials and gen-z individuals. {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. A brief summary can help visitors understand the context of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. A brief summary can help visitors understand the context of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description

Fundamental Rights [Right to Equality] (Article — 14: Equality before Law) The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. (Article — 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth) (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2)No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to — (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children. (4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. (5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30. (Article — 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment) (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory prior to such employment or appointment. (4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year. (5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination. (Article — 17: Abolition of Untouchability) "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (Article — 18: Abolition of titles) (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. (3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State. (4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State. [Right to Freedom] (Article — 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc) (1) All citizens shall have the right— (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions 1[or co-operative societies]; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. (2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. (3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (4) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (5) Nothing in sub-clauses (d) and (e) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe. (6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,— (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or (ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise. (Article — 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences) (1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. (2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. (Article — 21 Protection of life and personal liberty) No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. (Article — 21A: Right to education) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. (Article — 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases) (1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice. (2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate. (3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply— (a) to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or (b) to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention. (4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless— (a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention: Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or (b) such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7). (5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order. (6) Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest to disclose. (7) Parliament may by law prescribe (a) the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases in which, a person may be detained for a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause (4); (b) the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive detention; and (c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause (4). [Right against Exploitation] (Article — 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour) (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them. (Article — 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.) No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. (Article — 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion) (1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion. (2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law— (a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice; (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. (Article — 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs) Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right— (a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; (c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and (d) to administer such property in accordance with law. (Article — 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion) No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. (Article — 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions) (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution. (3) No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto. [Cultural and Educational Rights] (Article — 29: Protection of interests of minorities) (1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same. (2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. (Article — 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions) (1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. (1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause. (2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language. (Article — 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc) (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for— (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or (b) the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or (c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or (d) the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders thereof, or (e) the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the premature termination or cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence, shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19: Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent: Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the acquisition by the State of any estate and where any land comprised therein is held by a person under his personal cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the State to acquire any portion of such land as is within the ceiling limit applicable to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or structure standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the acquisition of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of compensation at a rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof. (2) In this article, (a) the expression ―estate‖ shall, in relation to any local area, have the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also include— (i) any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, any janmam right; (ii) any land held under ryotwari settlement; (iii) any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by cultivators of land, agricultural labourers and village artisans; (b) the expression ―rights, in relation to an estate, shall include any rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-holder, raiyat, under-raiyat or other intermediary and any rights or privileges in respect of land revenue. (Article — 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force. (Article — 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing [all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19; [and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy]: Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent. [Right to Constitutional Remedies] (Article — 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part) (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part. (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2). (4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution. (Article — 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc) Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,— (a) the members of the Armed Forces; or (b) the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or (c) persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or (d) person employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them. (Article — 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area. (Article — 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,— (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws— (i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and (ii) for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this Part, and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution, make laws for prescribing punishment for the acts referred to in sub-clause (ii); (b) any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament.