Our Legislative Reform Agenda Legislation #1 Representation of the People (Election Manifestos Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 The bill aims to regulate myriad aspects of election promises and election manifestos in view of electoral politics. Read More Legislation #2 Government Legislations and Schemes (Pre-consultation, Impact Analysis and Post-implementation Assessment) Bill, 2025 The bill mandates governments to undertaken wide-spread consultations, impact analysis and reviews to ensure fiscal & governance efficiency through scientific and data-driven understanding. Read More Legislation #3 Individual Taxpayers' Social Security Right Bill The bill aims to create a social security net for all the Income Tax paying employees in the event of a unforeseen termination from employment in certain cases. Read More Legislation #4 Rights of Pre-trial and Under-trial Prison Detainees Bill The bill seeks to set-up clear, fair and transparent conditions for trial and bail of the accused people during pre-trial & trial process Read More Legislation #5 Nuptial Consents (Legal Recognition) Bill The bill aims to recognize pre-nuptial and post-nuptial consent agreements between two individuals (who wish to marry, or are already married) on the distribution of their time, inter-personal matters, and financial (or) non-financial assets and debts in the event of a divorce. Read More Legislation #6 Mandatory Career Counselling Bill The bill seeks to establish National Career Counselling and Student Guidance Council for conducting & imparting career guidance programmes among secondary school students and families to enable them to make informed career decisions Read More Legislation #7 Indian Democratic Representation Bill The bill rethinks the Representation of the People Act, 1950 by simplifying and strengthening the Voter Registration processes and periodic rationalization of voter lists with a strong institutional frameworks to uphold Indian democracy. Read More Legislation #8 Indian Conduct of Elections Bill The bill rethinks the Representation of the People Act, 1951 by increasing the efficiency and transparency in conduct of elections Read More Legislation #9 Public Hate Speeches (Prohibition) Bill The bill criminalizes Hate Speech in public sphere with stringent, time-bound action against politicians, elected officials, organizations, religious bodies and media Read More Legislation #10 Compulsory National Service Bill The bill seeks to usher in mandatory National Service among all adult citizens as per age group to foster civic preparedness and a sense of belongingness. Read More Legislation #11 Political Parties (Organization, Leadership, Internal Democracy and Financial Transparency) Bill The bill seeks to regulate all the key functional aspects of political parties including organizational development, internal democracy, leadership building and funding restrictions in India. Read More Legislation #12 Circular Economy Bill The bill seeks to usher in mandatory National Service among all adult citizens as per age group to foster civic preparedness and a sense of belongingness. Read More

CRFHGR indulges in Public Policy Research, Grassroots Perception Studies, Behavioural Analysis, Citizen Advocacy, Campaign Innovation, Content Development, Media Studies, Stakeholder Engagement, Peace & Conflict Studies, Governance Consulting, Techno-politics and Social Impact Assessment Our Portfolio How do we make our world a better place? How to contribute to human progress and make societies more peaceful and prosperous? What do we do to achieve this? Public Policy Research In simple words, Public Policy is what our governments choose to do (or) not. All governments try to do something good in the interest of society based on a certain conviction. We contribute to this process through research of new and existing policies. Citizen Advocacy Knowledge and information are useful only when they are shared. In the current digital age, we are going through a phenomenon known as 'content bombardment' sometimes leading to misinformation. It is important that citizens possess the right knowledge to combat ignorance and misinformation. Media Studies Media, whether print/electronic/digital plays a phenomenal role in setting-up and shaping social and societal discourses. Understanding and incorporating media perspectives into change and impact management is key to holistic well-being. Governance Advisory Contribute to the simplification of myriad aspects of governance in order to achieve intended impact by involving all the stakeholders. Capacity Building Capacity building is necessary to achieve intended results. Imparting knowledge through trainings, building better instincts, value systems and creating a sustainable environment for the effective individual functioning shall be undertaken. Grassroots Perception Studies Understanding ground realities is the most essential requirement in the area of social sciences research. We gather valuable data from our field visits, surveys and ethnographic studies and develop insights into the needs, aspirations and the perception of our individuals and communities. Campaign Innovation Innovation is everywhere! Anything (or) aspect of our life and society can be hugely impacted through innovation that inspires human action. Innovative campaigns act as force multipliers in social reform process. Stakeholder Engagement No reform or impact can be made possible without understanding the thoughts, concerns and opinions of the stakeholders associated with that reform decision. By engaging all necessary stakeholders, we strive to develop deeper insights and crafting solutions. Techno-politics Exploring and adopting new methods of technology into policymaking, politics and governance paving way for responsible digital societies. CSR Advisory The core human needs are changing, so are the challenges associated with fulfilling these needs. Bearing in mind the evolving nature and scope of core needs, we help corporates and other business partners to effectively and efficiently plan and execute their CSR activities driving social impact. Behavioural Analysis Human behaviour is complex. Yet, sometimes, behaviour of humans in groups could be less complex. How complex is it? Why is it so? How to understand it and use it to our needs is a huge branch of study. Content Development Who does not love engaging content? The key characteristic of a great content is driving enthusiasm among the audience. The key characteristic of impactful content is to translate enthusiasm into action. We strive for the creation of impactful content. Peace and Conflict Studies Peace cannot be achieved until conflict is understood and conflict cannot be understood until the root of all human insecurities are understood and addressed appropriately. We strive to understanding insecurities. Social Impact Assessment Observation, measurement and analysis of policy decisions to formulate consequent action. ESG Advisory Today individuals, communities and organizations are witnessing the perils of climate change. We work with them to build sustainable business systems and models that mitigate the climate risk while maintaining the quality of product or service. Focus Areas Education Agriculture Digital Governance Economy Environment Public Health Youth Democratic Reforms Global Governance

Our Work How do we make our world a better place? How to contribute to human progress and make societies more peaceful and prosperous? What do we do to achieve this? Public Policy Research In simple words, Public Policy is what our governments choose to do (or) not. All governments try to do something good in the interest of society based on a certain conviction. We contribute to this process through research of new and existing policies. Citizen Advocacy Knowledge and information are useful only when they are shared. In the current digital age, we are going through a phenomenon known as 'content bombardment' sometimes leading to misinformation. It is important that citizens possess the right knowledge to combat ignorance and misinformation. Media Studies Media, whether print/electronic/digital plays a phenomenal role in setting-up and shaping social and societal discourses. Understanding and incorporating media perspectives into change and impact management is key to holistic well-being. Governance Advisory Contribute to the simplification of myriad aspects of governance in order to achieve intended impact by involving all the stakeholders. Capacity Building Capacity building is necessary to achieve intended results. Imparting knowledge through trainings, building better instincts, value systems and creating a sustainable environment for the effective individual functioning shall be undertaken. Grassroots Perception Studies Understanding ground realities is the most essential requirement in the area of social sciences research. We gather valuable data from our field visits, surveys and ethnographic studies and develop insights into the needs, aspirations and the perception of our individuals and communities. Campaign Innovation Innovation is everywhere! Anything (or) aspect of our life and society can be hugely impacted through innovation that inspires human action. Innovative campaigns act as force multipliers in social reform process. Stakeholder Engagement No reform or impact can be made possible without understanding the thoughts, concerns and opinions of the stakeholders associated with that reform decision. By engaging all necessary stakeholders, we strive to develop deeper insights and crafting solutions. Techno-politics Exploring and adopting new methods of technology into policymaking, politics and governance paving way for responsible digital societies. CSR Advisory The core human needs are changing, so are the challenges associated with fulfilling these needs. Bearing in mind the evolving nature and scope of core needs, we help corporates and other business partners to effectively and efficiently plan and execute their CSR activities driving social impact. Behavioural Analysis Human behaviour is complex. Yet, sometimes, behaviour of humans in groups could be less complex. How complex is it? Why is it so? How to understand it and use it to our needs is a huge branch of study. Content Development Who does not love engaging content? The key characteristic of a great content is driving enthusiasm among the audience. The key characteristic of impactful content is to translate enthusiasm into action. We strive for the creation of impactful content. Peace and Conflict Studies Peace cannot be achieved until conflict is understood and conflict cannot be understood until the root of all human insecurities are understood and addressed appropriately. We strive to understanding insecurities. Social Impact Assessment Observation, measurement and analysis of policy decisions to formulate consequent action. ESG Advisory Today individuals, communities and organizations are witnessing the perils of climate change. We work with them to build sustainable business systems and models that mitigate the climate risk while maintaining the quality of product or service. Focus Areas Education Agriculture Digital Governance Economy Environment Public Health Youth Democratic Reforms Global Governance

www.crfhgr.org is the official website of Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human & Global Reforms, a Not-for-Profit Research Company working for Human and Global well-being. 1/4 REFORMING HUMANITY & WORLD ONE STEP AT A TIME No posts published in this language yet Once posts are published, you’ll see them here.

CRFHGR believes in transparency and is eternally grateful to all the contributors, partners, donors and stakeholders who are shaping our collective future. Therefore, we are publicly sharing our financial documents since inception as filed with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. These financial documents can be accessed from this page as and when added & updated. Financial & Audit Reports CRFHGR believes in transparency and is eternally grateful to all the contributors, partners, donors and stakeholders who are shaping our collective future. Therefore, we are obligated to publicly share our financial documents and audit reports since inception as filed with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India and other government authorities. These reports and all their constituent documents can be accessed from this page as and when added & updated. Financial Year (2023 – 24) Financial Year (2023 – 24) Financial Year (2023 – 24) Financial Year (2023 – 24) CRFHGR Audit Report_FY 2023-24.pdf Financial Year (2024 – 25) Financial Year (2024 – 25) Financial Year (2024 – 25) Financial Year (2024 – 25) CRFHGR Audit Report_FY 2024-25.pdf CRFHGR Annual Report FY 2023-24.pdf CRFHGR Annual Report FY 2024-25.pdf

State List (or) List — II 1. Public order (but not including the use of any naval, military or air force or any other armed force of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any contingent or unit thereof in aid of the civil power). 2. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of entry 2A of List I. 3. Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees taken in all courts except the Supreme Court. 4. Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature, and persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other institutions. 5. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal corporations, improvement trusts, districts boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration. 6. Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries. 7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India. 8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, possession, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors. 9. Relief of the disabled and unemployable. 10. Burials and burial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds. 11. Education including universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976] 12. Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 13. Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries, and other means of communication not specified in List I; municipal tramways; ropeways; inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List I and List III with regard to such waterways; vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles. 14. Agriculture, including agricultural education and research, protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases. 15. Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases; veterinary training and practice. 16. Pounds and the prevention of cattle trespass. 17. Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of entry 56 of List I. 18. Land, that is to say, rights in or over land, land tenures including the relation of landlord and tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of agricultural land; land improvement and agricultural loans; colonization. 19. Forests. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976] 20. Protection of Wild animals & birds. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976] 21. Fisheries. 22. Courts of wards subject to the provisions of entry 34 of List I; encumbered and attached estates. 23. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union. 24. Industries subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I. 25. Gas and gas-works. 26. Trade and commerce within the State subject to the provisions of entry 33 of List III. 27. Production, supply and distribution of goods subject to the provisions of entry 33 of List III. 28. Markets and fairs. 29. Weights and measures except establishment of standards. [Removed via the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976]. 30. Money-lending and money-lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness. 31. Inns and inn-keepers. 32. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, other than those specified in List I, and universities; unincorporated trading, literary, scientific, religious and other societies and associations; co-operative societies. 33. Theatres and dramatic performances; cinemas subject to the provisions of entry 60 of List I; sports, entertainments and amusements. 34. Betting and gambling. 35. Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State. 36. Acquisition or requisitioning of property, except for the purposes of the Union, subject to the provisions of entry 42 of List III. [Removed via the Constitution 7th Amendment Act, 1956]. 37. Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament. 38. Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislature of the State, of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof. 39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members and the committees thereof, and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State. 40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State. 41. State public services; State Public Service Commission. 42. State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated Fund of the State. 43. Public debt of the State. 44. Treasure trove. 45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues. 46. Taxes on agricultural income. 47. Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land. 48. Estate duty in respect of agricultural land. 49. Taxes on lands and buildings. 50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law relating to mineral development. 51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced elsewhere in India — (a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption; (b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics, but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry. 52. Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein. [Removed via the Constitution 101st Amendment Act, 2016]. 53. Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity. 54. Taxes on the sale of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel and alcoholic liquor for human consumption, but not including sale in the course of inter-State trade or commerce or sale in the course of international trade or commerce of such goods. 55. Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers [and advertisements broadcast by radio or television]. (Removed via 101st Amendment Act, 2016) 56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways. 57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads, including tramcars subject to the provisions of entry 35 of List III. 58. Taxes on animals and boats. 59. Tolls. 60. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. 61. Capitation taxes. 62. Taxes on entertainments and amusements to the extent levied and collected by a Panchayat or a Municipality or a Regional Council or a District Council. 63. Rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in the provisions of List I with regard to rates of stamp duty. 64. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List. 65. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List. 66. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

Municipality List 1. Urban planning including town planning. 2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings. 3. Planning for economic and social development. 4. Roads and bridges. 5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes. 6. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management. 7. Fire services. 8. Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects. 9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded. 10. Slum improvement and upgradation. 11. Urban poverty alleviation. 12. Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds. 13. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. 14. Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds; and electric crematoriums. 15. Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals. 16. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths. 17. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences. 18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.

Patient Rights [Right to Information] (1) Physicians or their qualified assistants are required to provide adequate information about your illness, its diagnosis (provisional or confirmed, as it may be), proposed investigation and possible complications to the patient. If the patient is not in a state to understand this, the physician or their assistant is required to provide the information to the caretaker. (2) This has to be done in a simple language that the patient or caretaker will understand. (3) Apart from this, patients have the right to know the identity and professional status of every doctor and assistant as well as the primary doctor who is treating them. (4) Information regarding costs of treatment needs to be given in writing. [Right to Records and Reports] (1) Patients or their respective caretakers have the right to access the originals or copies of case papers, indoor patient records and investigation reports. Investigation reports have to be made available to them within 24 hours of admission or 72 hours of discharge. (2) The hospital is responsible for providing a discharge summary or a death summary, in the case of a death, to the caretakers or kin of the patient with original copies of investigations. [Right to Emergency Medical Care] In an emergency situation, you can avail medical care in any government or private hospital. Under Article 21 of the Constitution, which ensures that every person has the right to life and personal liberty, you have the right to prompt emergency care by doctors without compromise on quality or safety and without having to pay full or an advanced fee to the hospital. [Right to Informed Consent] If a hospital decides upon carrying an invasive investigation or surgery or chemotherapy on a patient, they require to do so after completing an appropriate policy procedure. The doctor primarily in charge of a patient has to explain the risks, consequences and procedure of the investigation or surgery in detail and a simple language before providing the protocol consent form to the patient or to the responsible caretaker. [Right to Confidentiality, Human Dignity and Privacy] (1) Now this one is a fairly known right, especially if you follow TV shows about hospitals or doctors. The code of ethics dictates doctors to hold information about the illness and treatment plan for the patient in strict confidentiality from everyone except the patient and their caretakers. (2) Unless it is an exceptional case where sharing this information is “in the interest of protecting other or due to public health considerations.” (3) In the case of a female patient, she has the right to demand the presence of another woman if the medical practitioner checking or treating her is male. Having said this, the hospital is responsible for upholding the dignity of every patient, irrespective of their gender. [Right to Non-discrimination] (1) The above point brings us to the rights of a patient being upheld without discrimination based on their illness, condition, HIV status or on their gender, age, religion, caste, ethnicity, sexual orientation, linguistic or geographical or social origins. (2) Based on the above characteristics, no person can be subjected to discriminatory treatment, and the staff of the hospital is responsible for ensuring this. [Right to Standards in Safety & Quality Care] Here is a brief list of provisions that come under the list of quality care standards- Safety and security. Cleanliness, infection control measures and sanitation facilities and safe drinking water. Healthcare that abides by the latest standards, norms and guidelines under the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals (NABH ) . To be attended to, treated and cared for in a professional manner and with the principles of medical ethics. Right to seek redressal by patient or caretakers. [Right to Choose Alternative Treatment Options] Hospital staff and doctors are responsible for clarifying all treatment options to the patient/caretakers. After a thorough study of their choices, the patient/caretakers can choose to opt for a treatment that may or may not be the doctor’s primary recommendation. This also means that once the patient/caretakers choose this alternative treatment, they will shoulder the responsibility of its consequences. [Right to a Second Opinion] (1) Doctors and the hospital must respect your decision if you choose to seek a second opinion from a doctor/hospital of your choice. They are responsible for handing over all record documents and other relevant information should you choose to approach a different doctor. The hospital can neither stop you nor discourage you from going elsewhere, only give a detailed explanation of the health condition and repercussions in case of delay in treatment. (2) In case you choose to come back to the first hospital after getting your second opinion, the hospital still cannot compromise on the quality of healthcare services. [Right to Transparency in Rates and Care] (1) As mentioned above, the patient has the right to have a written account of the costs they will have to bear for the treatment they are receiving. As evidence for this, hospitals are required to have printed brochures and prominent display boards bearing the names and rates of medical procedures that are available with them. Detailed schedules of key rates need to be displayed in conspicuous places and need to be in both, English as well as the local language. (2) Patients have the right to get medicines, devices and implants at rates decided by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA ) and other relevant authorities. Patients have the right to receive health care services that cost within the range prescribed by the Central and State governments, at the time of receiving it. [Right to Choose the Source for Obtaining Medicines or Tests] As a patient or a caretaker, you have the right to choose which registered pharmacy you wish to buy your medical supplies from. This also includes getting an investigation procedure (like a blood test, for example) from any diagnostic centre or laboratory registered under the National Accreditation Board for Laboratories (NABL ) . [Right to proper referral and transfer, which is free from perverse commercial influences] (1) If a patient must be transferred from one healthcare centre to another, a proper and detailed justification must be given to them/caretakers along with various options of the new healthcare centre. They must also be given a list of treatments/medicines that need to be continued after the transfer. This step cannot be taken unless the patient or their caretaker accept it. (2) Needless to say, these decisions cannot be influenced by reasons like “kickbacks, commissions, incentives, or other perverse business practices.” [Right to Patient Protection involved in clinical trials] According to the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW), “All clinical trials must be conducted in compliance with the protocols and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines issued by Services, Govt. of India as well as all applicable statutory provisions of Amended Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules, 1945 Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation, Directorate General of Health.” These points include consent by the patient, written prescription of drugs or intervention, privacy etc. You can read in detail about the guidelines here . [Right to Protection of Participants involved in Biomedical and Health Research] (1) In case a patient is involved in a biomedical or health research procedure, their consent needs to be taken in a written format. Their right to dignity, privacy and confidentiality needs to be upheld even during the research. If the participant suffers direct physical, psychological, social, legal or economic harm, they are eligible for financial or other assistance by the hospital. (2) Whatever benefits the hospital gets from the research must be made available to relevant individuals, communities and the general population. [Right to be Discharged, Right to Receive the Body of a Deceased Person] “A patient has the right to be discharged and cannot be detained in a hospital, on procedural grounds such as [a] dispute in payment of hospital charges. Similarly, caretakers have the right to the dead body of a patient who had been treated in a hospital, and the dead body cannot be detailed on procedural grounds, including non-payment/dispute regarding payment of hospital charges against wishes of the caretakers,” says the MoHFW. [Right to Patient Education] Here is a list of things that a patient needs to be informed about by the hospital. These need to be addressed in the language that the patient/caretaker understands. Major facts about their condition Healthy living practices Their rights and responsibilities Health insurance schemes relevant to them Relevant entitlements (for charitable hospitals) How to seek redressal of grievances [Right to be heard and seek redressal] Last but not the least, every patient has the right to address his grievances and give feedback about the healthcare and treatment they received at the hospital or from a particular doctor/assistant. The MoHFW further adds, “Patients and caregivers have the right to seek redressal in case they are aggrieved, on account of infringement of any of the above-mentioned rights in this charter. This may be done by lodging a complaint with an official designated for this purpose by the hospital/healthcare provider and further with an official mechanism constituted by the government such as Patients’ rights Tribunal Forum or Clinical establishments regulatory authority as the case may be.

Directive Principles of State Policy Article 36 In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” has the same meaning as in Part III. Article 37 The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. Article 38 [State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people] (1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life. (2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations. Article 39 [Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State] The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing — (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub-serve the common good; (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; (d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women; (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; (f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. Article 39A [Equal justice and free legal aid] The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. Article 40 [Organization of village panchayats] The State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-Government. Article 41 [Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases] The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. Article 42 [Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief] The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. Article 43 [Living wage, etc., for workers] The State shall endeavor to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. Article 43A [Participation of workers in management of industries] The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry. Article 43B [Promotion of cooperative societies] The State shall endeavor to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies. Article 44 [Uniform civil code for the citizens] The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. Article 45 [Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years] The State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. Article 46 [Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections] The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Article 47 [Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health] The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health. Article 48 [Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry] The State shall endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other draught cattle. Article 48A [Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life] The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. Article 49 [Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance] It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be. Article 50 [Separation of judiciary from executive] The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. Article 51 [Promotion of international peace and security] The State shall endeavor to — (a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honorable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another; and (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

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Fundamental Rights [Right to Equality] (Article — 14: Equality before Law) The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. (Article — 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth) (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2)No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to — (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children. (4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. (5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30. (Article — 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment) (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory prior to such employment or appointment. (4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year. (5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination. (Article — 17: Abolition of Untouchability) "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (Article — 18: Abolition of titles) (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. (3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State. (4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State. [Right to Freedom] (Article — 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc) (1) All citizens shall have the right— (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions 1[or co-operative societies]; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. (2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. (3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (4) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (5) Nothing in sub-clauses (d) and (e) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe. (6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,— (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or (ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise. (Article — 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences) (1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. (2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. (Article — 21 Protection of life and personal liberty) No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. (Article — 21A: Right to education) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. (Article — 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases) (1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice. (2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate. (3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply— (a) to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or (b) to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention. (4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless— (a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention: Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or (b) such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7). (5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order. (6) Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest to disclose. (7) Parliament may by law prescribe (a) the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases in which, a person may be detained for a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause (4); (b) the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive detention; and (c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause (4). [Right against Exploitation] (Article — 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour) (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them. (Article — 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.) No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. (Article — 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion) (1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion. (2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law— (a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice; (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. (Article — 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs) Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right— (a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; (c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and (d) to administer such property in accordance with law. (Article — 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion) No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. (Article — 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions) (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution. (3) No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto. [Cultural and Educational Rights] (Article — 29: Protection of interests of minorities) (1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same. (2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. (Article — 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions) (1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. (1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause. (2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language. (Article — 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc) (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for— (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or (b) the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or (c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or (d) the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders thereof, or (e) the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the premature termination or cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence, shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19: Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent: Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the acquisition by the State of any estate and where any land comprised therein is held by a person under his personal cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the State to acquire any portion of such land as is within the ceiling limit applicable to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or structure standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the acquisition of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of compensation at a rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof. (2) In this article, (a) the expression ―estate‖ shall, in relation to any local area, have the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also include— (i) any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, any janmam right; (ii) any land held under ryotwari settlement; (iii) any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by cultivators of land, agricultural labourers and village artisans; (b) the expression ―rights, in relation to an estate, shall include any rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-holder, raiyat, under-raiyat or other intermediary and any rights or privileges in respect of land revenue. (Article — 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force. (Article — 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing [all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19; [and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy]: Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent. [Right to Constitutional Remedies] (Article — 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part) (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part. (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2). (4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution. (Article — 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc) Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,— (a) the members of the Armed Forces; or (b) the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or (c) persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or (d) person employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them. (Article — 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area. (Article — 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,— (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws— (i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and (ii) for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this Part, and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution, make laws for prescribing punishment for the acts referred to in sub-clause (ii); (b) any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament.

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