Our Alumni Full Name Name of the College/University Name of the Degree Title Year Adithya M National Law School of India University (NLSIU), Bengaluru M. A. in Public Policy Public Policy Research Intern 2023 – 2024 Hirak Roy Chowdhury Ashutosh College, Kolkata B. A. (Hons.) in Political Science Public Policy Research Intern 2024 Shailja Lavania IGNOU, New Delhi M. A. in Political Science Public Policy Research Intern 2024 Snehitha Pachipulusu Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras Integrated M.A. in Development Studies Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2024 Kaushiki Sharma Kalindi College, University of Delhi B. A. (Hons.) in Political Science Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2024 Sarah Gairola Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics M. Sc. in Economics Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2025 Khushi Khan Mount Caramel College, Bengaluru M.P.P. (Master's in Public Policy) Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2025 Ishani Sharma National Forensic Science University, Gandhinagar M. Sc. in Neuropsychology Research Intern (Full-time) 2025

Our Legislative Reform Agenda > Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill Email Subject Line & Body Text (For our Hon'ble Members of Parliament) Email Subject Line: Appeal by Your Voter | Need of a Legislation to Regulate Election Promises | Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill Email Body Text: Greetings Hon'ble Sir/Madam, I, __________________________, a voter of your Lok Sabha (Parliamentary) Constituency and/or State, would request you to propose and endorse the idea of regulating the election promises made by the political parties and political candidates in their election manifestos by way of working towards the enactment of a parliamentary legislation titled Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill. A draft of this bill can be found at the link given below for your perusal and action. As you are aware, all political parties are resorting to freebies, some of them may be logical and much needed, however, some of them are not required and lack fiscal prudence on behalf of the political parties and their candidates. Political parties often realize this mistake sooner (or) later after forming their own governments. Election Manifestos are meant to provide a strong vision and action agenda of political parties as to how these parties would contribute to holistic reforms and betterment of different sections of the society. Every time a political party makes an election promise, and fails to deliver on it for whatever reason, it undermines the trust and faith of the people in the democratic processes, institutions and, ultimately, the democracy itself. Therefore, it is in the interest of all the people, society and nation that the trust in the very idea of democracy be enhanced and strengthened. This Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill draft legislation marks a significant step in that direction. We hope you will consider and act on this! Thank you! Yours sincerely, ______________________ Find your Lok Sabha MP Find your Rajya Sabha MP Email ID: appt.pmo@nic.in Email Subject Line: Appeal by a concerned Indian | Need of a Legislation to Regulate Election Promises | Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill Email Body Text: Greetings Hon'ble Prime Minister Sir, As an Indian citizen, I appeal your attention to the urgent need of regulating the election promises made by the political parties and political candidates in their election manifestos by way of working towards the enactment of a parliamentary legislation titled Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill. A draft of this bill can be found at the link given below for your perusal and action. As you are aware, all political parties are resorting to freebies, some of them may be logical and much needed, however, some of them are not required and lack fiscal prudence on behalf of the political parties and their candidates. Political parties often realize this mistake sooner (or) later after forming their own governments. Unfortunately, even the parties like BJP which had advocated for fiscal responsibility are resorting to making unsound election promises (that are detrimental to the fiscal position and financial health of governments and states across the country). Election Manifestos are meant to provide a strong vision and action agenda of political parties as to how these parties would contribute to holistic reforms and betterment of different sections of the society. Every time a political party makes an election promise, and fails to deliver on it for whatever reason, it undermines the trust and faith of the people in the democratic processes, institutions and, ultimately, the democracy itself. Therefore, it is in the interest of all the people, society and nation that the trust in the very idea of democracy be enhanced and strengthened. This Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill draft legislation marks a significant step in that direction. I appeal to you to gather inspiration from our Hon'ble Former Prime Minister Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji who enacted Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management Act in 2003 for the purpose of ushering in an era of 'fiscally responsible governance'. This draft legislation attempts to usher in an era of 'fiscally responsible electoral politics' under your esteemed and magnanimous leadership. We hope you will consider and act on this! Thank you! Yours sincerely, ______________________ Email Subject Line & Body Text (For our Hon'ble Prime Minister)

Voter Rights With elections under way in many states of India, all Indian citizens who are eligible to vote are given a chance to exercise their franchise and participate in the electoral process. The Indian Constitution has granted the right to vote to all Indian citizens of sound mind above the age of 18, irrespective of an individual’s caste, religion, social or economic status. This right is universally granted to all Indians, with a few exceptions. As a voter, you are entitled to certain rights and privileges as laid down by the Constitution, which safeguards the rights of the voter. It also lays down the conditions under which this privilege is granted to citizens. Voting is not a fundamental right, but is a legal right granted to citizens.

Directive Principles of State Policy Article 36 In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” has the same meaning as in Part III. Article 37 The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. Article 38 [State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people] (1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life. (2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations. Article 39 [Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State] The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing — (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub-serve the common good; (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; (d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women; (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; (f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. Article 39A [Equal justice and free legal aid] The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. Article 40 [Organization of village panchayats] The State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-Government. Article 41 [Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases] The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. Article 42 [Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief] The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. Article 43 [Living wage, etc., for workers] The State shall endeavor to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. Article 43A [Participation of workers in management of industries] The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry. Article 43B [Promotion of cooperative societies] The State shall endeavor to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies. Article 44 [Uniform civil code for the citizens] The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. Article 45 [Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years] The State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. Article 46 [Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections] The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Article 47 [Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health] The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health. Article 48 [Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry] The State shall endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other draught cattle. Article 48A [Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life] The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. Article 49 [Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance] It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be. Article 50 [Separation of judiciary from executive] The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. Article 51 [Promotion of international peace and security] The State shall endeavor to — (a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honorable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another; and (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

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Legal Rights No women can be arrested between 6:00 PM & 6:00 AM. (CrPC section 46). A police officer CANNOT refuse to lodge an FIR. If he/she refuses so, they could be jailed for up to 6 months to 1 year. (IPC section 166A). A police officer is ALWAYS on duty whether (or not) he/she is wearing a uniform. (Police Act, 1861) A police officer CANNOT say that he/she is NOT on duty while you visit him/her to file a complaint. (Police Act, 1861) Only women constable or women police official can arrest a woman. Male constables have NO right to arrest a woman. (CrPC, 1973) In case of a serious crime in which a woman is accused, a male police officer CAN arrest a woman ONLY after the receipt of written order from the Magistrate. (CrPC, 1973). A person can seek Anticipatory bail in case of expectation of being named or accused of having committed a Non-bailable offence. (CrPC, Section 438) To get anticipatory bail, a person must approach the Sessions Court (or) the High Court and disclose a proper reason citing section 438. If the court sees merit in the petition, it grants an anticipatory bail. A Hindu married couple CANNOT register a divorce petition with-in a year of marriage (Section 14 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955). However, if the high court feels that the petitioner is experiencing immense problems, then, the judge can permit the petitioner to file for divorce. Article 20 (2) of the constitution mandates that a person cannot be prosecuted or punished twice for the same offence. A police CANNOT conduct any search in a person’s house WITHOUT a search warrant (CrPC, Section 93). A Search Warrant should clearly and specifically mention the document (or) the thing which is being searched for, date, time and place of search along with any other relevant details. A police CANNOT simply take away your phone or personal computer for scrutiny WITHOUT a proper & specific search warrant allowing them to scrutinize personal belongings. NO magistrate other than a District Magistrate (or) a Chief Judicial Magistrate can issue a search warrant. Search and seizure of documents or things should be made in compliance with the provisions of Section 100 of CrPC. Police must search the house in the presence of the Owner of the home/office. The owner CANNOT be asked to leave while the search is taking place. If police take/seize any object from the property after their search, they must make a list of articles seized. The owner, at least 2 independent witnesses and the Police officer must verify the list and then sign. A copy of the list of articles that the police are taking must be given to the owner of the house/office. Illegal detention of a person is a serious offence. A police should formally arrest a person before taking him/her into custody. If the police summon someone for questioning, they must conduct the interview promptly and efficiently. The police cannot make someone wait endlessly at the police station and in such circumstances; the person is free to leave whenever they want. If you are aware that a police officer is illegally detaining a person, you can complain about the offending officer to his senior or to a magistrate. the arrested or detained individual's lawyer to go immediately to the High Court or the Supreme Court and file a ‘Habeas Corpus' petition seeking the person’s immediate release. A woman who has been taken into custody has to be kept in a separate lock up in the police station and any examination or body search must be conducted by a woman officer or doctor. According to the general law, children under the age of 7 years cannot be accused of a crime, hence cannot be taken into police custody. The procedure for questioning, apprehension, custody, release and bail of children up to the age of 18 is all governed by the Juvenile Justice Care and Protection of Children Act of 2002. JJCPCA, 2002 states that each police station must have a juvenile police unit with specially trained officers. A child must not be kept in lockup at all, but instead must be immediately handed back to the parents on bail and assurances. If the parents are not available, or it is felt that the child is at risk of falling into bad company then the child must be sent to the local observation home till he/she is brought before the juvenile court. It is illegal for the police to slap, beat, threaten, intimidate or torture any person who is being held in custody. Policemen can be removed from service and can also go to jail for doing this. The police are responsible for the wellbeing and safety of an arrested person. If anyone suspects torture of a person who is in police custody, they can report it to the National or State Human Rights Commission, to a magistrate or to the Legal Services Authority. The matter can also be taken directly to the High Court or Supreme Court. It is also against the law for the police to force an individual into making a confession. The police have the right to interrogate an individual but they cannot strong-arm one to say anything that he/she has no knowledge of or to confess to some crime that he/she has not committed. Under any circumstance and in any case, a confession that is made to a police officer is not admissible in court. A confession is only valid if it made to or before a magistrate. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself/herself. (Article 20(3) of Indian Constitution). Steps to be followed while taking an individual into the custody. An Arrest Memo must be made by the police either at the time of arrest or the instant the suspect is brought into the police station. A family member or friend of the arrested person must be informed, by the police, of the arrest and the location that the police are holding the person at. An Inspection Memo detailing the physical condition of the arrested person on his/her arrival into custody must be prepared by the police. Legal representation for the arrested individual must be provided. The police must present the arrested individual before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest. The police cannot take anyone into custody and hold them at a secret location. As soon as the police make an arrest they have to do prepare an Arrest Memo and send that to the local magistrate. 35. Once an FIR has been filed the police are legally bound to start investigating the case. Once the investigation has been concluded the police will record all their findings in a ‘Challan’ or charge sheet. If it is deemed that there is enough proof on the charge sheet the case goes to court. 36. For any reason If the police decide to close the case, they are bound to inform the person who filed the FIR of their decision. 37. When an FIR is registered and written down by the police it is done in triplicate. One copy remains with the police and is filed in their FIR register, the second copy goes to the magistrate and the third should be handed over to the person who filed the FIR. 38. One must insist on getting a copy of the FIR immediately as it is the proof of the FIR having been registered. The copy is to be provided free of cost by the police. 39. An FIR can only be filed for a cognizable crime. 40. In the event someone is trying to file an FIR for a crime that falls in the non-cognizable category it is the duty of the police to listen to them, enter the matter in their daily register or dairy, give the person a signed copy of the entry made (as proof of the matter being recorded) and direct them to the closest or appropriate magistrate. 41. The signed copy of the entry made by the police is free of cost and is a right to receive.

Simplifying key government, private member and other legislations that are in the interest of individuals, communities, society, nation(s) and the world. Browse through and read them to learn more to expand your understanding of the most pressing issues. Legislative Briefs Legislative Brief #1 The Agricultural and Other Rural Workers (Protection and Welfare) Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Shri. Ranjeetsinha Hindurao Naik Nimbalkar The Bill aims to safeguard and enhance the welfare of agricultural and rural workers across India. It addresses the long-standing exploitation and lack of legal protection for this vulnerable workforce by proposing statutory entitlements like minimum wages, pensions, accident compensation, maternity benefits, and access to education and healthcare. Agricultural and rural workers, despite forming the backbone of the Indian economy, remain unorganized and highly exploited due to the absence of structured legal protection and welfare provisions. Legislative Brief #3 The Backward Areas Development Board Bill, 2024 Introduced By: Shri K. Navaskani The Backward Areas Development Board Bill, 2024 seeks to establish a national-level board to identify and enable the rapid development of backward regions across India. Despite national economic growth, regional disparities persist. Many districts lack basic infrastructure, industries, or access to services, leading to migration, underdevelopment, and inequality. Legislative Brief #5 The Debt Relief Board Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Adv. Dean Kuriakose The Debt Relief Board Bill, 2022 proposes the establishment of a statutory body—the Debt Relief Board—to identify and recommend loans for waiver as a one-time national interest measure. The bill seeks to address the persistent debt burden on vulnerable groups and enhance formal financial inclusion. Large segments of the population remain trapped in debt cycles, especially in agriculture, MSMEs, and education sectors, with a significant reliance on non-institutional lenders. Legislative Brief #2 The Agricultural Produce Price Fixation Board Bill, 2022 Introduced By: Adv. A. M. Ariff The Bill proposes to create an autonomous statutory body responsible for fixing remunerative support prices for agricultural produce, including fruits and vegetables, across India. This bill also seeks to protect farmers from post-harvest price crashes and ensure fair compensation based on actual production costs. Farmers frequently receive prices below the cost of production due to market volatility, particularly during post-harvest periods. Existing MSP mechanisms fail to guarantee minimum income or cover actual farming costs, leading to indebtedness and distress. Legislative Brief #4 The Compulsory Career Guidance Bill, 2017 Introduced By: Shri R. Dhruvanarayana The Compulsory Career Guidance Bill, 2017 aims to institutionalize mandatory career counselling for students at the school level to ensure informed educational and vocational decisions. It mandates the involvement of qualified professionals, government support, and periodic evaluation to equip students—particularly those from marginalized communities—with the tools to chart meaningful career paths. A significant number of Indian students complete schooling without adequate guidance, leading to unsuitable career choices, high dropout rates, and youth unemployment. This issue is intensified among underprivileged communities. Legislative Brief #6 This is your Project description. A brief summary can help visitors understand the context of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. The Bill aims to safeguard and enhance the welfare of agricultural and rural workers across India. It addresses the long-standing exploitation and lack of legal protection for this vulnerable workforce by proposing statutory entitlements like minimum wages, pensions, accident compensation, maternity benefits, and access to education and healthcare. Agricultural and rural workers, despite forming the backbone of the Indian economy, remain unorganized and highly exploited due to the absence of structured legal protection and welfare provisions. Description

CRFHGR is a Not-for-Profit Research Company pursuing rigourous research in humanities and social sciences to promote progress, prosperity and peace at human, regional, sub-national, national and global levels. About us Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human and Global Reforms i.e., CRFHGR is a Section 8, Not-for-Profit Research Company that undertakes novel research in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences to promote progress, prosperity and peace in human societies at local, regional, sub-national, national and global levels. The agenda of CRFHGR is to make this world better by stepping into the uncharted paradigms of humanities and social sciences research. It was established in August 2023 after the approval and registration by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Gove rnment of India with the CIN: U72200TS2023NPL176476 and Section 8 Non-Profit License No. 147287 in Hyderabad, Telangana. Our Mission Building better systems through research and evidence-based practice. Understand the core challenges related to Human Development and Governance. Craft solutions to promote holistic well-being of individuals and communities. Zero avoidable human suffering Happier Human Lives True & perpertual world peace Our Vision The Leadership Akhil is a public policy researcher, a political consultant and, a doctoral research fellow in public policy with over 4 years of professional experience in public policy & legislative research, stakeholder engagement, campaign strategy & execution, narrative management, impact consulting and capacity building. His area of research interests are Techno-politics, Digital Societies & Governance and Citizen Activism. He believes in simplifying the matters of policy, administration and politics to all the stakeholders for informed decision-making thereby contributing to a better action and reform agenda. On the global governance front, he believes in the need of a new world order based on 'rules-based engagement' and 'reformed multilateralism'. Akhil Chirravuri (Director) 3 Draft Legislations 7 Parliamentary Constituencies 4 Political Parties 10 Political Campaigns 6 Politicians 15 Policy Review Papers Our Team , We are a compact team of professionals with rich professional experience across diverse backgrounds. Just as all the good things require time, our good team is in the process of expansion, gradually! A. Swathi Vaishnavi (Director) Swathi is a Chartered Accountant (C.A.) and an Auditor with 4 years of experience in Accountancy, Audit and Risk Consulting. A. V. S. Manikanta Sastry (Finance & Accounts Incharge) Sastry is a Financial Accountant with about 6 years of experience in financial management, corporate auditing and accounting. Sai Santosh Yakkali (Head – Innovation & Strategy) Santosh is a Management Consultant and an Entrepreneur with over 6 years of professional experience in management consulting, strategy execution & business innovation. Goutham Pratapa (Head – Web Development & Digital Technology) Goutham is a Software Engineer with over 9 years of experience in Linux, DevOps, MLOps, Machine & Deep Learning and Data Science. P. Sri Lakshmi (Executive Trustee) Parimi Sri Lakshmi oversees various activities related to the smooth functioning of the organization. D. Hitesh Kumar (Head – Global Technology Policy Division) Hitesh is a Cloud Engineer and has a penchant for human and industrial development policies. He possesses over 8 years of professional experience in IT Consulting, Cloud Technology and Data Science. Dr. M. Azharuddin (Advisor – Urban Studies) Dr. M. Azharuddin is a Post-doctoral Researcher in Water Resources Managment at University of Minnesota. He possesses over 7 years of solid research experience in water resources management and urban development. Pranith Ganguly (Research Assistant) Praneeth is a fresher in M.A. Political Science from Hyderabad Central University. His intellectual bent to innovative, out-of-the-box critical thinking is thrilling even for the most of us experienced professionals. Our Alumni

Our Inspiration Modern thinkers & leaders rooted in Indian Spiritual traditions (Mahatma) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Rabindranath Tagore Swami Vivekananda Acharya Vinoba Bhave Dr. (Babasaheb) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Lok Nayak) Jayaprakash Narayan Srivastava Our Spiritual Gurus Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Philosophical guides Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya Adi Shankaracharya

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Union List (or) List — I 1. Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation. 2. Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union. 2A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union or any other force subject to the control of the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers, jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such deployment. 3. Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self-government in such areas, the constitution and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas. 4. Naval, military and air force works. 5. Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives. 6. Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production. 7. Industries declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war. 8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation. 9. Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the security of India; persons subjected to such detention. 10. Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign country. 11. Diplomatic, consular and trade representation. 12. United Nations Organisation. 13. Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing of decisions made thereat. 14. Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign countries. 15. War and peace. 16. Foreign jurisdiction. 17. Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens. 18. Extradition. 19. Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, India; passports and visas. 20. Pilgrimages to places outside India. 21. Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air. 22. Railways. 23. Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways. 24. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways, declared by Parliament by law to be national waterways, as regards mechanically propelled vessels; the rule of the road on such waterways. 25. Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters; provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies. 26. Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provision for the safety of shipping and aircraft. 27. Ports declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports, including their delimitation, and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein. 28. Port quarantine, including hospitals connected therewith; seamen's and marine hospitals. 29. Airways; aircraft and air navigation; provision of aerodromes; regulation and organisation of air traffic and of aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies. 30. Carriage of passengers and goods by railway, sea or air, or by national waterways in mechanically propelled vessels. 31. Posts and telegraphs; telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like forms of communication. 32. Property of the Union and the revenue therefrom, but as regards property situated in a State subject to legislation by the State, save in so far as Parliament by law otherwise provides. 33. Acquisitioning or requisitioning of property for the purposes of the Union (Removed as per 7th Amendment act, 1956). 34. Courts of wards for the estates of Rulers of Indian States. 35. Public debt of the Union. 36. Currency, coinage and legal tender; foreign exchange. 37. Foreign loans. 38. Reserve Bank of India. 39. Post Office Savings Bank. 40. Lotteries organised by the Government of India or the Government of a State. 41. Trade and commerce with foreign countries; import and export across customs frontiers; definition of customs frontiers. 42. Inter-State trade and commerce. 43. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading corporations, including banking, insurance and financial corporations, but not including co-operative societies. 44. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether trading or not, with objects not confined to one State, but not including universities. 45. Banking. 46. Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes and other like instruments. 47. Insurance. 48. Stock exchanges and futures markets. 49. Patents, inventions and designs; copyright; trade-marks and merchandise marks. 50. Establishment of standards of weight and measure. 51. Establishment of standards of quality for goods to be exported out of India or transported from one State to another. 52. Industries, the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. 53. Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable. 54. Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. 55. Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oilfields. 56. Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. 57. Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters. 58. Manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by Union agencies; regulation and control of manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by other agencies. 59. Cultivation, manufacture, and sale for export, of opium. 60. Sanctioning of cinematograph films for exhibition. 61. Industrial disputes concerning Union employees. 62. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the National Library, the Indian Museum, the Imperial War Museum, the Victoria Memorial and the Indian War Memorial, and any other like institution financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance. 63. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Benares Hindu University, the Aligarh Muslim University and the Delhi University; the University established in pursuance of article 371E; any other institution declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance. 64. Institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be institutions of national importance. 65. Union agencies and institutions for— (a) professional, vocational or technical training, including the training of police officers; or (b) the promotion of special studies or research; or (c) scientific or technical assistance in the investigation or detection of crime. 66. Co-ordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and technical institutions. 67. Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological sites and remains, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 68. The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological Surveys of India; Meteorological organisations. 69. Census. 70. Union Public Service; All-India Services; Union Public Service Commission. 71. Union pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of the Consolidated Fund of India. 72. Elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of President and Vice-President; the Election Commission. 73. Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People. 74. Powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament and of the members and the Committees of each House; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by Parliament. 75. Emoluments, allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the President and Governors; salaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Union; the salaries, allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. 76. Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States. 77. Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including contempt of such Court), and the fees taken therein; persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court. 78. Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Courts except provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practise before the High Courts. 79. Extension of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory. 80. Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State. 81. Inter-State migration; inter-State quarantine. 82. Taxes on income other than agricultural income. 83. Duties of customs including export duties. 84. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in India, namely — (a) petroleum crude; (b) high speed diesel; (c) motor spirit (commonly known as petrol); (d) natural gas; (e) aviation turbine fuel; and (f) tobacco and tobacco products. 85. Corporation tax. 86. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals and companies; taxes on the capital of companies. 87. Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land. 88. Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land. 89. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freights. 90. Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets. 91. Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and receipts. 92. Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspaper and on advertisements published there-in. [Removed vide 101st constitution amendment act, 2016] 92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. 92B. Taxes on the consignments of goods (whether the consignment is to the person making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. 92C. Taxes on services. [Removed vide 101st constitution amendment act, 2016] 93. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List. 94. Inquiries, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List. 95. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List; admiralty jurisdiction. 96. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court. 97. Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax not mentioned in either of those Lists.