Consumer Rights

CRFHGR is committed towards furthering the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030. What are they? The 17 UN SDGs are listed here for site visitor review. UN Sustainable DEVELOPMENT GOALs (Goal - 1) No Poverty (Goal - 4) Quality Education (Goal - 7) Affordable & Clean Energy (Goal - 10) Reduced Inequalities (Goal - 13) Climate Action (Goal - 16) Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions (Goal - 2) Zero Hunger (Goal - 5) Gender Equality (Goal - 3) Good Health & Well-being (Goal - 6) Clean Water & Sanitation (Goal - 8) Decent Work & Economic Growth (Goal - 9) Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure (Goal - 11) Sustainable Cities & Communities (Goal - 12) Responsible Production & Consumption (Goal - 14) Life Below Water (Goal - 15) Life on Land (Goal - 17) Partnerships for the Goals UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A ) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages. [Article 1] All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. [Article 2] Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. [Article 3] Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. [Article 4] No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. [Article 5] No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. [Article 6] Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. [Article 7] All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. [Article 8] Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. [Article 9] No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. [Article 10] Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. [Article 11] (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. [Article 12] No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. [Article 13] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. [Article 14] (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. [Article 15] (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. [Article 16] (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. [Article 17] (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. [Article 18] Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. [Article 19] Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. [Article 20] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. [Article 21] (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. [Article 22] Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. [Article 23] (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. [Article 24] Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. [Article 25] (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. [Article 26] (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. [Article 27] (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. [Article 28] Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. [Article 29] (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. [Article 30] Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

Child & Student Rights The Indian constitution accords rights to children as citizens of the country, and in keeping with their special status the State has even enacted special laws. The Constitution, promulgated in 1950, encompasses most rights included in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. Over the years, many individuals and public interest groups have approached the apex court for restitution of fundamental rights, including child rights. The Directive Principles of State Policy articulate social and economic rights that have been declared to be “fundamental in the governance of the country and … the duty of the state to apply … in making laws” (Article 37). The government has the flexibility to undertake appropriate legislative and administrative measures to ensure children’s rights; no court can make the government ensure them, as these are essentially directives. These directives have enabled the judiciary to give some landmark judgements promoting children’s rights, leading to Constitutional Amendments as is in the case of the 86th Amendment to the Constitution that made Right to Education a fundamental right.

Working Papers involving ongoing research in key focus areas involving humanities and social sciences research. Working Papers Working Paper #1 Justice or Punishment-centred? Comparative Study of IPC/BNS, CrPC/BNSS and IE/BSA Authors: Akhil Chirravuri & Snehitha Pachipulusu A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Working Paper #3 Comeback & Build India: NRI Concerns, Needs, Engagement Strategy & Way Forward to Enable Brain Circulation Authors: Akhil Chirravuri A comparative study of international best practices from Israel, China, and Ireland demonstrates that successful diaspora engagement models prioritize mutual benefit, targeted incentives, and private-sector-led knowledge networks. These nations have effectively transformed "brain drain" into "brain circulation," where human capital moves fluidly to generate value for both the country of origin and the host country. Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa Working Paper #2 India's Upcoming Socio-Economic Caste Census – Challenges, Mitigation & Lessons from 2011 SECC & other International Ethnic Census Enumeration Experiences Authors: Akhil Chirravuri This report establishes the logical and constitutional necessity of a nationwide Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) as an indispensable tool for evidence-based policymaking and the fulfillment of India's social justice mandate. The absence of contemporary, empirical data on caste has created a policy vacuum, forcing the state to rely on outdated, nearly century-old statistics for the implementation of constitutionally mandated affirmative action programs. Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa

Voter Rights With elections under way in many states of India, all Indian citizens who are eligible to vote are given a chance to exercise their franchise and participate in the electoral process. The Indian Constitution has granted the right to vote to all Indian citizens of sound mind above the age of 18, irrespective of an individual’s caste, religion, social or economic status. This right is universally granted to all Indians, with a few exceptions. As a voter, you are entitled to certain rights and privileges as laid down by the Constitution, which safeguards the rights of the voter. It also lays down the conditions under which this privilege is granted to citizens. Voting is not a fundamental right, but is a legal right granted to citizens.

Concurrent List (or) List — III 1. Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power. 2. Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution. 3. Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention. 4. Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in entry 3 of this List. 5. Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succession; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law. 6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents. 7. Contracts, including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land. 8. Actionable wrongs. 9. Bankruptcy & Insolvency. 10. Trust & Trustees. 11. Administrators-general & official trustees. 11A. Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts. 12. Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings. 13. Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration. 14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court. 15. Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes. 16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients. 17. Prevention of cruelty to animals. 17A. Forests. 17B. Protection of wild animals and birds. 18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods. 19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of entry 59 of List I with respect to opium. 20. Economic and social planning. 20A. Population control and family planning. 21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts. 22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes. 23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment. 24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' liability, workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits. 25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour. 26. Legal, medical and other professions. 27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan. 28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions. 29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants. 30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths. 31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports. 32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways. 33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of — (a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products; (b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils; (c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; (d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and (e) raw jute. 33A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards. 34. Price control. 35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied. 36. Factories 37. Boilers. 38. Electricity. 39. Newspapers, books and printing presses. 40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property. 42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property. 43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State. 44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty. 45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III. 46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List. 47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

Panchayat List 1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension. 2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil conservation. 3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development. 4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry. 5. Fisheries. 6. Social forestry and farm forestry. 7. Minor forest produce. 8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries. 9. Khadi, village and cottage industries. 10. Rural housing. 11. Drinking water. 12. Fuel and fodder. 13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of communication. 14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity. 15. Non-conventional energy sources. 16. Poverty alleviation programme. 17. Education, including primary and secondary schools. 18. Technical training and vocational education. 19. Adult and non-formal education. 20. Libraries. 21. Cultural activities. 22. Markets and fairs. 23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres and dispensaries. 24. Family welfare. 25. Women and child development. 26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded. 27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. 28. Public distribution system. 29. Maintenance of community assets.

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Fundamental Duties "Duties came before Rights. The exercise of Rights implies the exercise of Duties" [Article 51A] It shall be the duty of every citizen of India — (1) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (2) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (3) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (4) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (5) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (6) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (7) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures; (8) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (9) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement; (11) Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

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